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9 








































THE UNIVERSITY OP CHICAGO 


(TITTP) TRUER. s TAT IS THERUAT DISCRIMINATION 


A DISSERTATION 
3U0UIIT2D TO THE FACUITY 
OF THE GRADUATE 30H0OI OP ART3 AND IITERATURE 
IB CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OP 

doctor op niiTosoniY 


DSPARTUEIiT OF TSYCHOTOGY 


BY 

PtHER AUGUSTIN COTTER 


CHICAGO ITTIIIOIS 
AUGUST, 1933 































4*t 











































0 <) 


Aoknowladgamonta 

The author wishes publicly to raooguise his obligations 
to Vilhelm 7irth, of ielpalg, for Introduction to tho field of 
payoho~phyeios; to J uses Howl und Angell and Harvey Carr, of 
tho Chicago Psychological laboratory, for aid and counsel in a 
groat variety of ferae; and to tho Psychology Department of 
Ohio State University, particularly A. P. teise, for material 
and facilities needed in tho course of experimentation. 


r 

igfi— 























1 -SEP 16 
Copy.1966 












(j ■, 0 


Table o t Con touts 

1. Introductory and Historical 
3. Description of Apparatus 
3. Description of Method of Scouring Data 
4* Statistical Treatment of the Data 

5. FronontatIon and Discussion of Results 

6. Summary of Conclusions 

7. Appendix containing Primary Data 










lntroauctory mtuX Historical 


The problem of this investigation waa: To make a 
careful survey of temierature-diecrlraination within a rang a 
not involving pain or extreme discomfort (16° to 48° Centi¬ 
grade), with especial reference to the validity of ’Sober*a 
lanfj and to note any other matter® of importance which might 
appear in that connection. 

The previous work on thie aspect of temperature will 
here bo briefly summarised. 8. H. Weber" 5 himself, in a email 


^©ber, 8. H.s Dio iehro vo m Taetsinne und Gemolngeftthle 
(1851)} p. 98. 

series of trials, dipped the earns finger or hand alternately 
into two jars of water standing side by aide. He found that, 
the wholo hand being imireraeci each time, ho could distinguish 
ono-fifth to ouo-uixth degree, Reaumur, with oarofUl attention 
•Moot*’ people, ho say©, can distinguish with certainty a dif- 
foronco of 3/5° R. Ho did net find greater differences neces¬ 
sary to distinguish between two temperatures around 14° R. 

(• 17.5 q C.) than in the region of blood-temperature (about 
37° C.). 

Feohnor 2 dipped the first two fingers of the right hand 

2 Feohner G.T.: glemente der rsyohophyeik, (3. Aufl., 1889) 
Bd 1, pp. 301 ff. __ 

into water up to the oooond joint} ©Item ting between the two 

















« • ; 























• 3 . 


jars until the judgment was forasulated. Bo found that, from 
19° to 31° R. (that is, about 34° to 39° C.), the juut notice¬ 
able differences* (*ciben * orkliohe Untsrschiode”) conformed to 
Tabor 1 o law °oehr wohl", if the magnitude of tho stimulus la 
token to ba tho amount iy which it exceeds 14.77° R. (the 
approximate mean between freezing-point and blood-temperature); 
tho labor ratio for this range ha finds to be .03633, which 
t,ivee a fair agreement between obeorvod and adjusted values, 
but greatly exceeds the ratio found in this study (.034 to .005). 
From 10° to 30° R. the disoriminable differences wore too email 
to be accurately determined with his thermometer (which was cal¬ 
ibrated to 0.5° R. but on which, he says, 0.05° fl. could be 
•sehr wohl goQOh&tzt*)• Bo concludes, in brief, that from 10° R. 
downward the juot noticeable differences increase far more 
rapidly than is conformable with Teher’e law; from 10° to about 
19° R. the j.n.d.*o are too minute to be accurately measured 
with his thermometer; from 19° to 31° R. they agree very well 
with the law, ao noted above; from 31° R. upward, he reports 
no observation© but thinks it "wahracheiniich* that tho j.n.d.’s 
again increase too rapidly to conform with tho law, as they did 

balow 10° n. 

? lndomoim^ dipi od tho right hand, to tha wrist, altar- 


Ylndemann: 
ibloem; p. 309 


De senau oaloria (1B57); quoted by Fbohnor, 


nutely into two jars of water, the one being constant, tho other 
being adjusted to apparent equality with tha first (method of 





■ 



- 3 - 


avorage error). 71 thin tho range 36° to 38° C. in one series, 

ana 31° to 43° C. in another, tho predominant orror was ♦.05°i 
above and bo low these limits tho error went aa high as .8? to 
.8°. The number of trials was email, the experimental procedure 
me apparently very crude, and one may wonder by what moans the 
orror was measured to ono-hundredth degree 0. 

Aleberg* dipped the indox finger, up to the first ^oint, 


1 A labors: Untersuohungsn fiber den Raum~ und Tomperaturainn 
(1663); reported by Thunberg in Hagais Hondbuoh dor Thysiologle 
doa Uonsohon, III. Band; p. 687. 


into one glass of water, kept it there for 10 to 30 aeoonda, then 
transferred it to a second glass. Xn title way he distinguished at 


10° c. 

a difference of 

.6° 

16° 

» 

.4° 

30° 


.5° 

35° 

« 

.7° 

30° 

a 

.5° 

35° 

n 

.1° 

40» 


.3° 


those results show little regularity, discrimination reaching its 
maximum at 35°. 

Hothnagel's'* method was the same as Foohnor's above, except 


*Nothnagel: BeitrAgo aur Physiologic und Pathologio dee 
Tomperatur-sinns; Deutoohoo Arohiv fUr kllnlsohe Medixin, II. Band 
(1867)i p. 384. 


that only one finger was used instead of two. Ho found moot 













acourato discrimination hetman 37 g and 33° C.j slightly loss 
accurate} from 33° to 30° and also from 27 W to 14° j from 39 g to 
49° and from 14° to 7° sensitivity decreases rapidly. Ho doee 
not give the results in detail. 

Mailer* communicates no now observations but concludes, 

bailor, G.S.t 2ur Grundlogung dor Psyohophyoik (1878)j p. 

after surveying the discordant results of those previously re¬ 
ported, that the validity of labor’s law in this fidd is not es¬ 
tablished (whioh is indeed obvious). 

Other invest!gitiono dealing with adaptation, the relative 
aonaitivity of different parts of the body, and the like, need 
not delay ue hero. Of all tho observations reported on our 
problem, those of Hothnagal are tho moot oomprohonsivo anti agree 
no at fully with our results. 

It is by no means a coincidence that the field of thermal 
discrimination was but littlo worked during a period when tho 
facta and methods of psychophysics wore being investigatod and 
threshed over in detail. The special difficulties connected with 
adequate control of the stimuli, with adaptation, and tho like, 
were recognised by Feehnor and Mailer; temperature thus became, 
logically, one of tho laet fields to bo surveyed, after methods 
had boon developed and refined in other sons® moro easily approached. 
In attacking thie problem, the writer hoped, by the use of more 
delicate methods of temperature regulation than had been employed 
before, by securing extensive collections of data from tho some 















- 5 - 


obeerver, by the uoo of complete eerioa (Vollroihen) In the 
method of oonatant etimulue-differenaeo, and by treating hie 
data with the more refined statistical methods of modem poyoho- 
Itiyeice, to achieve something like a definitive solution of the 
iroblom for the range of tears mturoe, and by the type of method, 
hero employed. 




- 0 - 


Deocription of Ari^ratuaj 

The apparatus in its final form, as used for the method 
of constant stiinuluo-difforenoea, by which th® central data of 
this study war® secured, consisted of seven jars (capacity, 3-4 
gallon© each), conveniently arranged on a table. Jars of this 
oapaoity were used both to accommodate th® necessary heating, 
regulating and agitating devices and aloo to scour® stability of 
temperature by moans of a relatively large volume of water. The 
low thermal conductivity of tho earthen walls also reduoed vacil¬ 
lation in the temperature,and the cylindrical fora was an aid to 
the proper stirring of tho water. Tho tops of tho jars wore at a 
convenient level for 0 (the observer), when standing, to movo hie 
hands readily about and imu*»rse thorn in any desired jar. 3ach of 
thorn was covered with a lid (wood or asbestos)* this was provided 
with a large opening at one side, through whioh 0 could lmmerge 
his fingers in the water without touching either the lid or tho 
side of the vessel. The surface of the water was two to four cm. 
from the top of the jar. Extending downward from tho lid and 
supported by it were two heating unite, an agitator and a thermostat. 

Both of the heating units were ordinary electric bulbs* 
carbon-filament, as a rule, since this type yields acre heat. One 
of them was a variable heater, that it, it went «on» and 'off in 
rapid alternation, &s oontrolled by tho thermostat* the other was 
•on' continuously, not being subject to th® regulator. This con¬ 
tinuous heater had two functions: a) To keep tho temperature of 


* 

a t/‘i I vs t 'tod* e4*v £ *® 

v .%.&l tvrlnto yaw .ci laocW a* ***« r * u 

:uU so jJtl »<U tftlitero? tm&tlr ivtsm «$ ^ 

a! { Vto' fcaui ‘a©' Ira #i ^#1 l«iU t *o*i:r* tMrihuv * t?#v ROdf^© 


- 7 - 


the water always within a !•« degrees of tho point for which 
it was sot. Thu a, if tho jar was to bo hold constant at 
38.15° C.\ the room-temperature meantime being 33° to 25° , 

1 Since all temperature value a in this study are given in 
terms of the Conti grade or Celsius scale, tho designation "C.” 

will hereafter bo omitted. 


a bulb me used large enough to hold tho water about 9° above 
the temperature of tho air; that is, from 33° to 34°. A email 


variable heater could then bo ueed for the remaining two or 
2 

three degrees; the lag of tho thermostat and resultant oaoil> 


*Any thermoregulator, of course, has a certain lag, owing to 
the fact that it doee not instantly attain the temperature of 
the surrounding medium. If this medium warms or cools rapidly, 
tho lag Is correspondingly groat; tho medium will go consider¬ 
ably above or below the •constant* level before being chocked; 
and thus largo oscillations in temperature will result. 


I t ion of the temperature were thuo reduced in two com;lemon tary 
ways: tho variable being small, the temperature rose slowly when 
it was •on*; when the variable was •off*, the fall in temperature 
was much retarded by tho continuous heater; the ohongo being, thup, 
gradual in each direction, tho offeot of the lag was correspond¬ 
ingly inconspicuous. As above intimated, the continuous heater- 
bulb waa adjusted to the various temperatures worked with, the 
smallest procurable (7 1/3 watt Mazda) being used when the water 
wasjit or below roam-tomperature, and 30-80 watt lamps (carbon 
filament) at higher levels. Tho second function of the continuous 
hoater was b) To keep tho interior of the jar light at all times. 
In this way 0 oould properly guide his hand in the process of 
inversion_a completely dark jar was found to be inconvenient in 








— 8 — 

that respect. This Illumination was not wholly constant, 
being ©lightly greater when the variable lamp uae also •on*. 

Ko reaeon appeared to consider this email difference in il¬ 
lumination as affecting O'a judgment. It might be thought 
that, since tho temperature rooe as long as the jar was lighter, 
O'a estimate would be aubtly affected by a knowledge of this 
foot. As to that, the rapid alternation of 'on* and # off* — 
many times per minute, as a rule—carved, in tho opinion of 
tho principal 0, effectually to baffle any ouch influence. - 
The variable lamp, it may be said, ranged from 30 to 100 watts 
(carbon filament)» 

The agitator or otirrer was of a simple screw-propeller 
typo, having three blades eo adjusted ae to give constant move¬ 
ment of the water, but without causing superficial wavee or 
strong currents, which wore found by 0 to be disturbing. It 
is obvious that more heat will bo exchanged between water and 
hand if the watar streams rapidly over tho fingers than if it 
moves slowly. It was, therefore, necesoary to have the stirring 
aa nearly equal in all jars as possible. Ho attempt wao mad* 
accurately to determine and equate tho amount of water handled 
by the otirrero in unit time* but to secure approximately equal 
movement movement in each jar, 3) the etirrsro wore of the same 
size; 3) the curvature of tho flanges was adjusted as accurately 
as could be done without special instruments; 3) they had the 
same position in each jar, tho flanges being about three cm. 
above tho mid-point of the bottom; and 4) they were all driven 
at the same rate. Frequent observation with both eye find hand 


H • .. \ "'(t$ ;T f V 



revealed no apparent, or at least gross, differences In tho 
rat® of flow Of tha water. That tho stirring fully served 
it® function of keeping tho temperature of tho water uniform 
throughout tho vessel was ohovm in repeated- toots with tho 
Baoiuaannj whioh revealed differences in no oaoo exceeding 


^A "Beckmann* is a mercury-theriflom® ter, calibrated in 
hundredths of a degree, aid much used for measuring email 
chrngas in temporaturo. 


•005° between tho upper threo ora. of water sand that at tho 
bottom of tho Jar* Tha stirrers wore turned by means of belts 
passing over a steel shaft fixed on the rear of the table and 

run by a motor. 

The thermostatic device was similar in type to tho Do 
Ehotinsky mercury regulator, 3 but ma designed, after numerous 

2 Designed by A. do Kho Unsky * manufactured and sold by 
Central Solentifio Co., Chicago. 

3 

preliminary trials and modi float ions, specially for this work. 


3Tho writer wishes to acknowledge the assistance of Br. Uari*n 
Hellingworth, Department of Chemistry, Ohio State University, in 
solving certain technical difficulties connooted with making thooe 
Instruments. 


Tho form finally adopted consists of two upright tubes, sup¬ 
ported by a central stalk. This was securely sealed at ite 
top to a circular metal piece, whioh in turn was firmly fastened 
to the supporting lid. The vertical tubes wore filled with tol- 
uene—a subotance often used by jtiyeio&l chemists for this purpooe. 

4 A filler for thermostats should have several properties* 











fiT u v. r .' • yi+i tl-ifcf , -rtff * -* t*4 i I If rui , *J. 




34J v-r- ti ' '•:.. *#:*■ fcO .ao *1 Citt' Ht&wfpti ;lCC♦ 











>• ‘ • > • ''jtffc * ;Xxrt' tBjkj* C, 

■4 a^t* JOC'W.. - ; XjtU^OO* IfU . v.> U vJ 


' -5w« J v • if . .f $0 «*•! -iOw u^,.. . .^CCi • tl WO'i 














-lo¬ 


ll targe coefficient of expandlon; 

a) Sx^aII beat capacity, so that a slight influx of heat- 
energy will produce a relatively large increase in 
temperature; 

31 Slight compressibility; 

*»} High thermal oonauotivity. 

Bo substance h&e all these pro] or tie© in ideal measure; but 
toluene and related liquide, such an chloroform, combine them 

to relatively high degree. Of. Oetwald-tuthart rhysiko-chomisoho 
Mooaun^an^ 3. > Auf 1 . ;, p. H3.__ ,, , „ A ,,. u ______ 

The stalk and the baee of the tubes were filled with Bcreury 
which, by the expansion of the toluene, was forced up into a 
glass capillary above the lid (diameter of capillary tube, about 
one ran.). The capillary was fitted with a threaded oap which 
oc re wed into the metal head-piece, and could thus be adjusted 
at will. A piece of German-silver wire, bent round ao as to keep 
the contact-point near the center of the capillary, extended down 
into it and made contact with tha mercury meniscus. This con¬ 
tact, by closing an elec trio circuit, ope rated an electro¬ 
magnetic relay, which out off the variable heater; as soon as 
the mercury sank below contact, the lamp again come on. The 
smallest practicable amount of current wae used in order to re¬ 
duce the break-spark, and consequent oxidation of merohry at the 
contact-point, to a minimum. Three to four thousand ohma re¬ 
sistance (small Mas&a lamps) wore inserted into each circuit 
from thermostat to relay, eo that the amount of current used, 
by several testa with the ammeter, wae *03 to .05 ampere; the 
energy used to operate the relay wae, thus, .3 to .4 watt. By 
repeated attention, the mercury-contact was kept clean and dry, 
so that, ae a rule, the break wae easy and the spark light. 

To eliminate "sticking*, which delays the break at tha point of 




.v'qv.A iSJ-H >0 *0 •***< ta*s! ylovlfjtli'! of j 

' U II :, i i: ■ i ;> *J ■ • 




. 

. 

* 

. 


-11- 


contact, the natural vibration of the tabulators, oauaed by 
the running of tho appar&tue, waa accentuated by placing the 
table-1oga on .mall rubber pad*; the resultant "tremor" of 
the table reduced dinging by the mercury so that, ao a rule, 
tho contact made and broke some ten to twenty time* a minute 
throughout the working period, The inooee&nt snapping of the 
relays, in fact, cloaoly resembled the clicking of a battery 
of telegraph keys. ’Sfith the regulators working in this way, 
as a number of teste at different times and temperatures 
showed, the fluctuations were lees than * .305°; oven though 
the temperature of the j&rc might rise or fall slightly within 
an afternoon, the ordinary oscillation, in favorable condition*, 
did not exoeed the above figured. Favorable conditions were 


1 The reader will clearly distinguish tho regular, mako-and- 
break oscillations, due to lag in the thermoet&t, from the 
gradual rise or fall over a period of soma hours, due to various 
cause* presented below (p. <3.f. ); the two arc independent phenom¬ 
ena. To illustrate tho distinction: at 13 M. a regulator may 
oscillate .0050 above and below 28.10°; at 5 pm the temperature 
may have risen to 36.13°, about which point it will still oa- 
oillLUe.OOSP. 


not, of course, always present; as anyone familiar with aueh 
work knows, relatively sensitive instruments, •specially whoa 
made and operated in a situation by no moans ideal, are corres¬ 
pondingly subject to slight dsfeota or diffioultiee. For some 
parte of an afternoon or on particular days, certain thermostats 
showed no re lag than usual; sometime* the cause could not bo at 
once detected; or a series could not be stopped to remedy the 
difficulty; so that, a few times, the fluctuation reaohed aa 



-13- 


BU 0 h aa .34 U or .0b Q on each sldo of the* otated valuo. It 


nuot bo undoratooa, however, that this dogroe of latitude 
1 3 

mo distinctly raro. Roaorting to aetim&tc, the writer 


1 0n thie point the writer hao no ayotomaUo data to ;ro- 
oont. To have doter*4nod accurately the average ©toillution 
of the regnlatoro would have demanded rather extoiioiye meaouro- 
r.,-nta for oaoh jar at eaoh temperature—an additional burden 
-hich, in the oircumct&noce, did not ace® practicable. 


3 Th© writer noodo no reminder that estimates are jrecarioua; 
hia statement above, however, ie far from a more gueas. It 
root8 upon: 


a) 


Hie own observations with the Bookmann, above alluded 
to, of the actual deviations both when the ragul&tore 
wore working precisely (with rapid sequence of on 
and *off*} and .lao when their ’rhythm* was slower; 
irk thia my he loarnod to appraise, with some accuracy, 
the range in temperature from the rate of alternation 
of tho variable Leap, By means of thie direct index, 
therefore, the latitude of change, could be, and was, 
followed every hour of every working-period } any slowing 
of tho normal * rhythm* wac at once apparentj the cause 
could be sought and, if possible, remedied, either be¬ 
tween series or, more throughly, at the close o* the day 


b) Hia repeated inspection of the mercury ocmtaota-oiis or 
more timeo per hour during the working-period. This con¬ 
stant attention also helped to reveal any failure of the 
regulators at thoir critical points. 

gvery effort was thus nod, to keop the upraxatua always at 
maximal efficiency; and it ie prisarlly upon this Personal 
scrutiny of tho instrumsnts every hour of every day of tho per¬ 
iod covered by theso observations, that the writer e eetiaatee 
above are baaed. 


consider, the statement conservative that the maximal oscillation 
in 50£ of the oases used in tho data herewith rresented did not 
exceed .005°, and in 90f» of tho oases, did not exceed .025°, on 
each side of tho stated value} so that a temperature marked at 
36.05° would, in about half the cases, range from 36.045° to 
30.058°, and in only a email fraction of oases would range beyond 
36.035° and 36.075°. 


































-13- 


lt was the custom to road ami reaord the temperatures 
bo fore and after tha experiments of each oay. In tha lator 
stages, additional oheoke wore often taken anting tho working- 
lerlod, but an initial and final reading wore invariably se¬ 
cured. In many oases tha final reading ahowed a rise or fall 
of oewer&l hundredths ooo&etiiBQa more, apart from tho oeo illa¬ 
tions above discussed. TOiea thin change from one reading to 
another exceeded oertain oarefully-defined limita, the values 
were not used (oeo p. iso , below)* Among the observed canoes 
of a doorcase between readings wore: 1) tag in the original 
setting. In most cases the working temperature me above that 
of the room so that each morning tho water hod to be raised 
to tho desired level. If the regulator was at once set, the 
level it actually held woo usually found to be a few points 
lowor. The water having been quickly heated up, the toluene 
was still slightly cooler* the thermostat was thus really eat 
to this cooler level. Ordinarily the regulators were readjusted 
until they had attained a tab ill ty at the desired point* but in 
a few oases, because of limited tiiss or negligence of the assis¬ 
tant, tliio factor accounted for a difference of several hun¬ 
dredths between tho original and a later reading. It may bo 
noted that, in tho later stages of the work (Group II table 1), 
a second reading by another assistant was regularly secured 

*Tfeat is, ilk 35 oases out of 30 - 82$. 

before, or at tho times when, experiments began* so that this 
factor was not then rresent. 3) Tho repeated dark at the con¬ 
tact—as above noted, often exceeding ten to twenty times ier 
minute for several hours—inevitably oxidised some of the 









. 

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>•.. 'i , fXj -iX Sftfrt'ft •iili •• 






MSftmri fMs .jomttm* ootuotoa m tn@ tnaUkvi of th© 

an lixrojgr wound Use eeesfc&aif Mug a oon^jotcgp, in© aagooit 
®W*t tdos© tft© ©tm.tii te&fooil the is$m m I IMWary 'bcfcm 
t4w swj© In nottit& cmite&b 9 im& than turnoff the fuqpcM^ii 
a ^ >Mota# 5) ftewyml tte*% .1: Mmt&r, a mrxii v&M, ©1© 
0:f *WO»jr* © n ad dmt ally im^i la th© ptoee nhavo the ©©$£&» 
dwsiJhnd M to tti© ooitaotf and thus lumi th© level 

t'X> nr tisjKXJ lmtK*ltfu% 

^.o nausea of on tostooett »© 0 *&hgrj. smm mx$\ 

X) hn& ta osij«l ©t^tSac# as cfcevo. If tho fneuint©* 
rma a©i doa* tmn a htfjta? X<m& $ the log sttutd opcamto . 1 © 

Main dMntfMnd* hut in tfco 6t*ocM<*u £) «h» Mt* 

o;s»3MMdal4«©i mm&nv tem*$ai Moot a *&©© ouring te 
n.y. SM: ■ SaoMM mp t» t&to* m \mZ*m wc& *:& ftoio in* 
triM* Ml tt* fKlf wt * dhMh n *|fc iMMdMMHr ©MBtotli 
fhotev, la tile Min**© $MNnt f wsa bp fhs? tfc© w&raaot 
o.r o© ©f ixmrnm tmtemm hot its Uifinmm pscto&iy 

«» gsck» -dnd o*o&* to o.<fc* la <01 afta»y*i # 3 } HevcraX 
tta©o # © allftit XeaSeaip of m^ 9 nasally tlww^fe the d©qX 
Mm 0uam t*M and t»?tal mtm& a MX stoe* 

stita® tftn ©ariranmit on& mot of tlwfafftoro, 

t"; * - 37lt£S‘« •. '"v C:?©• 2, la onoh oao©) f -Tan p2?o-fisa^Xy 

flMtanl tn It© ©m»st t ana fh&NMM* }nMfl«a Sinew tatafpo- 
Nation h t twili th© ton of tfcn tntwvni$ ©hd ^slao© 

no vrxtion «o«datdiig mm ntm 0 «to° het^om ooooojiritv© ohnOfcn 
^PW In tfc© dnda actually nsod 9 th© tartiw bro&if&B that 
t3m?© ftjotoo tsttmduos no itMMldbi# ©sswa? Into hta ocaoltv. 







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ai na. 

& tsUii wmatft&m toe aaaaoDtmim *«ita,tScM* " )t 
rsJiotrtag the swouags *t<» e» foil po» hew*- fas? the t*®lo pasted 
weened toy toeae data* alwute Ha acnm&tod, It n&U Ha hMR 
that too tot a atotsitoutlm ft© eoaft B*«P» es^xwtolXy IV toe 
rto i. uaftoay os? *so ^.an, xwn©r«v-toa to *»' ’***•» 
type ZIZ; (fsco tospooticnj too» ’job no Mnaatoa to fit the 
era . Of. jtoKJtcas •.«>. 'npsean« i . 

65), *® Mattel© are, toOTeftse, me*»djy (unites than toe 

no: Ha, 

It sill also be noted that ttie vt-JLi*® H 9 e the aoomd 
j&aee of 13® o^xwtosBt - b3" to S3* - esse about totoe an 

■* ■• ' : I. ‘ i ■ 

fos? ^ :? X see o» ! J1 and «?3, ‘ -t**? ~Z» • *-» 

sajrootivssiy. as tr.ooa X'isr*x ur-vt 'torn to asxr-v tx to loato 
a tLoesfoai® tn the ocnataioy of the fbeNHttrtaAf <awtae toe 
eeoond phase? 

fsia on ana ej®oaip to the s*l*c* to omtsllKto to tbte 
tnqgreaae tn to# ewepaea davte*ten: 1) SI® ftsr.t cad. In *1® 
witas*o judanoett, atwo lesxwtont of too*® sdww toe above 
<ttflr«afmos to bo, in iim» noawHo, un «f tsuot. » too flwt 
rswujj only two soaUngp a day wosc oecswod * befos® and ttftas 
the tsossana-DOKted (aftamoon)} In the ecwomi, additional 
ohceJiu wests often token dsistng too aftcasKxn, botwsm onriM* 
(Staot msiwoo: to o*we> I, additional p-^itoen wo teKen an 
a <5ay» out of 51 - b $§ to tow* XX, on XT days* owt of 30 - 57 f>| 
a satis, of »tol). She piwpeoe of toes® estoa 
of ansae, waa to follow acts® otouely aw poiwSHXe atowjas to 



, 1 “ : '"'O Utoiv. t&XLmrlaz u preaonie* me 

Jfco pw^oe of a«cuing the oorb%uw or the th«a»«tnt,s ( that 
is, ■Jhgte arm anoint of dumso, goaitivo ©r negative, po* 

• the tfttax© period in ©fcioh ihe • 'v 
dl£t\ ^ano©* uoth ©4 urai need* 

^ i0 render will not© that those dhan&ea v&f&e to the 
■ ?*-1 i rioo or fhXX oyar a period of 11; ; , not to uqacfitasy o&etl*- 
ip :i'•»!»# Kiu first ©out tnc th« # in 

order. actually used} the •uocrtiaae* ©oiutma present oil 
txYJOQ in which a vnodtag chewed a decrease fm the 03 to m net 
preoce*. inr;j t\<; nnaveaoo* ooiuviu, aipaxarly, an ouoca aim. 

•l. • mi tayoano', *•■'-»> *ho dboago”, an ©asoo whore two mtoooe- 
□Ivo re; ■ .lines wore id..attool; tho "cmivinod value©*, finally, 
Inc&Tlrlft tec 1C three OP-T-. The vato x are to hr road In fry-w 
dpodth© of onc>4amch*oclth da/wa* thus, in the firot row, 

;V^ • • that, in 53 ©ant* ahowl, . •.:.. jv $ 

oiwmm wi o«tf and o # -.^ f >»ar 

* • ~ P ■■■ . ': :f * ; •• ■;■,•■ 

(woiphtoa) mmo and laedinno for all the eases in that 

-r • In the section, ■Metsthutlona for act&laed Ynlm©*, 
on page X0 f the ooluan-nocids rive the Oovl&tlono, again, In 
htsidredth; of oneN^in&^tlto tlegrooi the entries how tiio inti-* 

I> r of cases* 


Ao to ho osspoetocl, there were a few esaaes In nhich, for 
one rcaaem or other, tho dicerqpaney feotaocn fcrra attooosoiv© 
.ppidinps w*in -o Ippp.: t.;e- ; f *?«• valie: 00;ad: not r, '* -• i>. • • . 
It heean*- tie -/e^hro, lii tatramtiiir M-o data* to fis 

of acceptable oh;iH^e| for a full J - 

t;^,; :. • }ptan<50 # ace: :;•. /^o. -,i 

X9B2C ucod in msuins thi > tablai no that ec:t»cxjo dv iv.cn, 

T&one valtjaa wore ooltt-ca in detextaisrite: tlu; ,ru 0X0© 

0‘ -Iticlod < • e* fhc t;h; . 7 theafofte^. In Intended to ■ivc an 
accurate wtrar/ ©f ail the deviations that mtvniXy rci?mred 
botr?oon ouoaaanlv© rendinga, under the oaiao oonditioaa rmd 
oiilvloct to tip nm ©ritesria, ao a; ply u. the a*it. licsreln pro- 
: t-: 












































< 17 - 


MSS* t 

?;*10 Sheering Mtrtt of Stsgi pa? ae*» to tonttkatato 
(Oawtnnt sttoAia* Btnteawes) 

All muse Otoen to imatoaitoa of ttoHBftMMSfe logw* 


®«w** jja&Bj 

flpPwfi® a®# 

..ksx&m —isuftaaa, 

.JB* 0.77 0,33 55 
®3* 0»ft9 0,50 7ft 


t&OTP I 


aaseafflo Ho ' ISJttfced ’Vj 36 ar 

&A j d, w i i iM B aa.. ;:a«Ar J a a a « 


Ji 


' " g g ’ -to, 

.. :,. 


JB_.iLsam. 


,T" .ftc 91 
o,J» .67 96 


15 

*5 


o,6ft '>.33 139 
.> 0.33 215 


aft* 

.6ft o,33 

* 

a*?9 0*5© 

36 

m 

0,55 0,3® 

3U» 

EO* 

0.62 0,50 

1* 

1,01 0,67 KW 

& 

0.7c 0.57 

236 

16» 

.58 o.i7 

89 

0,7s 0.67 

33 


0.56 0,33 

136 

ao* 

,ft5 o«ftO 

7* 

.56 0,33 lift 

m 

0.3J 0.23 

Eft? 

Eft* 

o«jft o.fto 

JI 

0,70 «.* 

5ft 

m 

'.ft9 0.25 

m 

a.;° o.'ft 0.60 



•3ff 

M 

-.51 > *£« 

.41 








• 

ms 

ikMJJ&L 

m 


juj *’3 




■ amp xx 





.73 O.. . 

» 

1.13 0.76 

36 

6 

0,96 ,ftO 

56 


o.fti ,ft3 

& 

.ft* 1.25 

5© 

0 

0,91 0.67 

77 


l*2ft i. o 

3E 

1.65 l.' O 

m 


1.33 1. 

60 

36« 

1.7 ■ 1,00 32 

1.1B i#oo 

23 

10 

1.27 1.-0 

67 

38#. 

1.13 0.30 

23 

1.31 1,00 

16 

5 

1.0? 1,00 

*sft 

20° 

SJHJ 2.M 

JhL. 

..I.ft4 JUO 


,5, 


ftft 

Wam $&. 

AWW- 

«G»s« 

l - 

x. 2 . 7 155 

1.35 1* ) 1-3 

30 

1,19 . :<i 


















VMm x (nentinuoa) 


OMm. t 


hevot 


ft> 2 * &xi£no& V^OUttO 

®*&tm mma\ tfm c^mup *** vi® 



. 0 

*/• 

v 3 - 

o*p 

*•< 

.. .. 

1.00 

to 

m*v 

1.50 

to 

. I.® 

2 . 

to 

2.50 

to 


0 Vtt§ 

j*sa. 

3 &* 

79 

19 

87 

u 

0 

3 

0 

0 

au* 

11 * 

66 

£6 

6 

3 

5 

5 

0 

m* 

U 6 

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9 

£0 

6 

3 

0 

0 

20 * 

181 

75 

43 

£6 

6 

6 

7 

£ 


is 

S& 

35 

0 

9 

9 

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0 

£ 0 * 

13 J 

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0 

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0 

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75 


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791 


.... Mat, 

. 15 .. 


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10 

9 

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89 

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10 

3 

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. 9 

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0 

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10 

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m 

18 

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£ 

23 ° 

s. 

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Av< 3 >~ 

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109 

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-19- 


tww tat they aiao MI to Ismb&uiq ostlfl.&iiiy 

05>I5fi3JB«t deftat&Otl J> r-3? h0 ^ # *Bo 0tWI tt $8* 

tcuio* »d *8,11*1 at x pi tt wrm 
* % at £ jsa it seade ta»W»! mm dtemm P*» M • 0$ 

h'mity&mi* If trio e::t» ato'Hifift; os?o MMtteftell^ ?m age 
to &»t a eeeju* Ufeot *o»io» 9 4<>*x®** ^•n # # 

wat #*m» iMW hot *» VB Mail ~ Jtu* time time ee - 
»-«& *n tix^fbee* Sbra* by oeOirvuT ys^otw&Uity, it i ’ ovltfm* 
ttiat # if a jfii iMit tNHMea bo # xe« m& h®*ix* mitt nm .%m* 
»-t t* sm vi t ; t$t» i^eieeod^ i* '.ftxx tx> *K}«xo* 

in about tKOf of au oatae air, ta*2X* in tta *tbcc? mxf* 

Bona*, .a mm wmtnm* in a $tor<#* agme of fto- f tho i®oate? 
eilx ta tote j^mMKt oh. saa® gw* tow* - an csflftyyt <iuo tm&& 
to Oi^nxua^tan &*t far to oetuta. <$hcm$Q of level* s) xn eft- 
dition f it oactttd to be eonoMbfit he&tfm to feet?? tba 
at moiml offloimcy d srliig ibe aeaobd rhate - otgki tasr-asa- 
tt®oo - then eoaXict?-'* f!io «»lt©» haa bo fftnevoe to f«?ve 
thi dlf.t senee nog tie exteutj ta*. be gebnd tsie 
at the iim* bbat nafsblnc yeejejyed m ottontlm raid eft* 
-.1 *• » 
©n?*j os? teiee e&ussM tsjodfc&o Mtb te aesl beteodi (tfime and 
: • -pie'- in 4 : - s- ' -v.* :m ••• ‘ ? '• - ” ; * 

tuts stage tma exao Xeeo eameteet M bio imteeeBa®# bed 
boon - a faat Miafe dovoXvod a r?xx.i*.oy taftfcA m * • 'sAto?* 
Hoer mim thfcj my lum iafimmood Me not, be 

dOtomtbO^i# 

ewalne to omaieMf ene^wi point in tixia 






















■ 










ilon* ffto** tabulating to# data froo a eksoIosj of $$i0*«gta 
lawrainng a gifon ja* f la ooa# ito tot not bem 

toot at tto oloo© of fctiat paffHoiUav esarloo* to# tBPltor *#&*-» 
Xffltfy dc3?tvoa too va3m to Xlsreor inte^oiation b&temm too 
roaatiie:. newt b«M© and afte* 2!* «on.3?o# of <tan$& botweii 
iff# two #mata&3 xtm ton# mmm*.l to to t#iif*M§ twit --moo 
tbto <mm% to r^voa - im-wmt pia«r;Me It aar to in mt 
glvrn mm ~ ft %s» of &mm to Wmr too a#m#p 

toangt toff 0mmm in noff toot ## mr fix to# 

mum to tft&on toe vtatie to Xtociy to- <&£Sto from 

t o *tuno« tTOOTOtaffo tit tur ite»* fo toat- ond, to© £$&##» 
to: table to ps^mtocl # givoo too ttn» la licscro totoe#** 

ouoo®tptwo fm* both croup# 1 and XX# 

fJEM XX 


xntcawraa imt#Mi 0>.?€joo:^ivo Too? <j«»^ts?®«atooRa 


tfi flows 

7 & 

5 

,«t. 

1 

t 

A 

So# 

ffMt 

n«xtian 

tew. X 

X §9 

¥f 


s 

1 

8 

SI 

.->1-- 

S«-4 - 

<Sfc*^ XX 

X 1 

5 

5 

12 

s 

u 

to 

2*42 

2.6 


If \» mm oaaaato too par intoma tw cn< 4 » aff#u&* 

## m% to tondsptotorj of a dogroet t ^ 

mean 

~ ? .a.n; • V L;f -.-v / . 

::o>itei poff laodl n totorral !•- 

( 5 n>o mluo, 2 * 9 * 1 • drtatood to m&ttvX 7 im tho noon 
i i ; • • ..« ...* t o# 57 t *>v ‘-' -• ;i.3,ai length In ; *x* UK#"* 

;1 ;■ "l"". • ) 











tt «un stm*m ««4 «» mmmi m»ma» tHfcmm ma t tim* *» 

both 'Wt®9, 1-, about 0. -a* to .03*. »# "artMaciy eso«t~ 

e* otaagt pcs' tow to swmp IX in bow* twutratsod by the mse 
fiKxpmtt waste©'* art eamoqant rteatay *H*«*Wb»* 0 ♦•**** 

*> 3 ? au» O-ttaato ptsspoae of getting, »'i aoassmtoiy on pooot- 
ble, tee txue ta*p a ? g t uao ft>» eaoto oofloo# tec two a*®# bwt 
fte i nufjaiglblo dtmwtwe, equally ••r-oi. If '• f,: «* 
tiv ;t, fun a 3a» ..-tada, esay* 3SmXC e at 1 pQ art 52«I3* at 

9 in, it be* art aajwataairt a mart w&etaa awn iteftto a*» 


«nt to, beyond «* osKnt of its w- nation. 


lag t>u; tatiirrai§* tt #«Uo*> tfe t tbs wt a.AiJL -ii'-ws'S*- 

•sue eniy j»£wtJ*l* aoawptfea tea :**** 1 ra ts-.o tbcaaogtgtg 
-tern *effaaa?iy wfctert to aasafts. art wpwart aowrtay <wa*y 
• ••’•'ina- > -‘-'.'i *5y ' - * • 


mar botawm tee Jataipoartad and tee «tsuo» mm <*-ssteg 
teat ttEB util be $U 3 t « 5 « 0 -baXf tee total teaHrt teat ba» oo- 
oussed.s Si tee ease of the fo * asnsmrsw sftwe, tt s«b 

ojtito will be elew ftwn te® adjoining flaw** 


0 .- 33 ° 



ijp a sending amss as towwa a ° » g 3 3* fJSS ^85 «SS ^fiL. 

i'.J■ "igti mrn.inx, tee -atenl t»«.-c«vae» h-..;, te w “-.f®" 
tt* ’ ' SS ann?arJirtml teoao 0-itWWW c-.in ' trgt tlaci. It 1» 
]&i** £°«h i. «*^ ^fciwftw1 t * a Itt !».«->« ** r~ 
^»r art Saoar UaMa of sane© la • 3 ®^ e 

: . 033 °. 





















' 












. 









f&m Qsm* to b*0i6S*j in othei* wis* t tti© nmtea «***» da*® 
to int«Bepo]»%|c«i t» # m fhe mw f .'ibetst 1 to i*$ b'**- 
dMttfca* m uior/ of tnooe MOtef IMBMPte?** Obo rratto* bo- 
Uovoo feat Mo pMW of tcfefefertfefe WOm* by 

poia&lon t fev.-n moemixy* mm mtto&y 3u *iftO’ ♦ 

«ho oftt« MM$f in asa* fetotf defeat© WfeoatfeL <&m~ 
matifei t» atfiioulnr, and MfelMafefe «*o aaoi^a do®*®* of ffeo- 
at iton* th® Moroar of th® m® i&atow* ddie tv **> £& '-& '• tho 
ftnoat attnirndoo, ws» at loos* nfeMpvite to tbe torndo of 
thi ■ ps»tdUs«* 0n« o^unet, oe^tey*. wifemit a J^bys&ani equip* 
amt $®£i® uo^ond the tooouspooo of the tge&n/Bm 
Jutkorntogv# n^po to attain a of Ability in toapweatiofo* 

ocostaat^ snaoa no oan be f?ot with yolatiuo oaae t foa? c-rwlo# 
in getoa mtig&n 1 **** ** Xoaot the Wlattoi of too 4MWi 

*of # JP*t%t fh# toitM tlon of Statistical ?'• tho^» 

of Pryofoo^TystOfl* C*#G&H Sfe* 1# ff# XB* 

^oa be only a tmuMm of or-. Umi 9 if wMWbie ws*m» 

wn6 to be po&albX®# iMffefeO* ao r^tO^teteisfy tsctuSU? fW^Ind 
a llaen 3na» than o*xo* tsaioa? opftoX <#mditl*a* t 

it to evident t-:--tt a vaplattoi of a.io* - «*• Unit of aoostsew 
aoy iii oy&tsM? twaaKdol <* la tptto too 

Xa3?a$* 

Oiftns to MMmfcfltff tfce <xx*x*ng «rlo© m» 

ppinittvo and ®«ot be eoXXM oottfa«tflfer ^ the naipotot 
of @E?n«a • m oonvoiii«moo| twt# by dint o* 

mn%ml 9 It nfe* raid© to £i*o *Mt«WU> oogy&a* m<i 9 tsxsci r:01 































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. 








•v 











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y • 























data at hand, the nutation: of tnyKsmtuws ton it, rm tod 
did not 09(0004 to m^V'.n llEdto mm 0K*9 X. (»B8t fi0» 
west tongs per l*n® «ra* 16* oral 20« - to to iovcXi at mtoh 
to otB-iitoe aewloo <aa isJiBiaij ally mod - -.mot ifcy* ** 0.59, 

«* c.bo; a vir-=ia«a --itti .5? »' c.** «-•* r «»io 
Of isw® X and with 0,56 and 0,55 *** aw*® X, offiftaAMt X< 5 ® 
ana 20°, os, ®oae X, p. 1?). X* aeiKjiotoa of « ter a »ea- 
eswts, mind with to ana water, wWWh to jOaood .bore qnd 
behind to tooej *• «<&« onto too it to s>lj*M«d tat* 
eash Jr® toeugh tnaUrtdaal *t*or toco, the Slow being ****- 
Ulntod by iffl»awaaw,.:. At to iwtttag *f to toasaotats of 
a Moaning to flaw mo adjusted until oa*fc 3*® wwitaod oon- 
otorit at to dfmSxoA level, Sear latent mttoWneoa w en« 

ployed to i3q3oo -saw tot to aweusy In eaah aeguiate® stayed 
esaotxy at acetot with to wise. It, In host too, it foil 
b*losj eontswt (thsen^b too grout Inflow os oold sates) <® sw 
tore it < throw* dafieiatrt inflow), to Jos to not mm un¬ 
til contest baa been xestasad, to j.afrOsta wata* to ai- 
pbancxi m*t Into a soocpteeie below, B*ia outflow to also 
oontoXlai by sems-titcsgpo, in :»kj» way as t« tntaMa to 
aator at about the wsae level in all jam, tom wholly oatis- 
fbatesy wwfc os tala aesrt, a toMtoMttaft dssrto touM too 
Mailable, nafti tame delicately segalatole ton flowing vratcarj 
but the evidato stawm oitod tends to proro that to Pliabil¬ 
ity of to data to in no xtit» affrotod by to italtatioa of 
to ooolta; as? arsvta 

Fos pampooom of asourate aonasanoont# • BeeSaaarei thto» 


• • 1 . 

. 

?:■ ' '■ •- . • * ’ * ' 

-«• in '' ' ► : . ■ 1 * ' 

& ■ n * • . ^ .* : 

- 

. 

■■■.. ■■a-' ’ 1 1 . ■ 

J • , , * • 







mamtemi m not mi 9 iim cm mm twmm&t 

W tern, m* xmu %maim of tun mpamtomt* m* 

' : ' : ..v: ' ' ' ,ui W V:: Ov* v^v f 

xa tbo of ifeito, %mm* *&a ^mrn^s^m of nm ws/SMm 

Mm* os? f[Ol.o oflntlmimi& 3 y Timm a ntsrcm tM&o** tl» s©o&- 
mrm m» tt*efu4 tfbs? tis* tmaM^tno gritty nsaa ran**?- 

at tfeo instant of o f it «ai» of tv*-. tsi^ost 

v.ltKj in the :;rttoa-t:>^msKlloe* .v fiiOct an '.^U, 

fta? oOR^^iteit t«*& octting and <&©ol&sa of tti© od&» 

at; sat # 

A U$it -w TOf^ied stfce**t ttooc foot too th* 
iMd ftww ...o*o «fn» t**t txis^tmtdnt tuo iMin w^itun* 
xn ta# latest utoewi ( 3?oi%> 12) a IBiMnnolMF m *2aa** ^fcov© 
«** t. m« for** mo ^an dally wm ®<fc*U 



- 
















samAtfctm of vmofH'km in mnmtim Data 

- fb® B-mmoX rmomim t fom mis 

WmOm 11» tt*i saot&sd of <*motei»t csttaam-t^^ tttU 

bo mmbttod la doftollft any digwtsggft Mmm&m * in the 
'an of mix bo noted in mth tiio : .r~ 

psop&aSm data* 

m \mm tm» aattw** w «mon tm rm&t bum of «» 
<3atn » oooti&ed tjpsa -'Moh ta» amoX^wtcm of tblo root, 

tbe tg&t&r* aid i»rsotlopa2y tax fcb® rtiacvvlaa MMttf* os mil 

m* vf XI Ummnm bo ^UrtMpadUM ttcn otfua? 0»o by 
th® ag®i»®& B-o f In iriftS® of bio iMi s*>aitloa oa ttUmAo* 
of tb® m& tifenwraBw 

orpwa? fsf=n tbo tdble of *r- mlts. mi data by tb© 8 otb 0 & of 
liotta tap® 2na®&y fam olter dtowrapo* but tnolues® era* fro 
r*-o. Pbf t.n» cMftcv of on oq^miMBt to a& noot of tbo ob~ 
30Pmnc t ou&oofoliy «o ^oooOta?o mist bo *mtb©ut bnom~ 
odoo% tn not an Ido a ucttod. * bO»® A 'M In thlo atu&' t 
not m prtsio%>xo i but of »ma^# 

mte&m being mmM taflftmant ;M Jfcw 0 § to 

a c&daoo ftf-maa tn o^itausy 3' e;tixssfte*ttatiani 

botne aloo out of itno mtb tbo ffltoMolii of mo t ivoncnfr^tay 
otmont* of Pi^SwXt»w in tM# ammtmr* It mm fmmi Shpskio-" 
UoaMo to got 0«3 tfx> ooiSUi gtv© ttw ttm ma demotion that 
oft* &raMtati*Q writ tooc^ttWr <b*wn»U 0 ***• bo pso- 
ixx&aa to mM nio &&vl&o 9 no F^fsKss? roiatoa* in mo on mm t 

ftiWbie^VVr''^ '“ r; *. f. i.«T~ " > 

— -- ——. .» ■■■ .. 








. 


, 

, 

. 

. • 


. 

* 


. 

. 






• ’ 

* 

i, ■ !iMf 

. 

, 1 

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* 

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5 -;-. . 









milt* v c ilooiticKl to n'l: hlo o m oh azmttmm an 0015- 

pXcte 3 X*d int-UdV© 0 } O'. ;ibl » lil XidU Of ft* :?'Jit 2?0- 
bulta .fsam a nufcea? of otter ui, a,tn f aaotsmlatoft in 

a ; -rlod of over fbtw nontfta, oofitylft 9 te tbo utoolc of that 
tlco t 17 to && hours p 03 ? tfocfc, i$\«t i;: t thro© to fmgr 
ho iv- :;• 'r.y t of nein-v. efc oseva* ion* 

n<£|ta mskI teaerite of this policy alaln o, ftesf 
•-e '.ii. 01 favor ©f n* . ofcssogvlnt: aj«e - v.-..vi sad&’totofl, lx-n- 

oflt •: X) J&ttt n )lve n cion Of t • vn th ■ bo oonrod facet 
th ■ wrim ei&3*ot - a eardtedL aeaeaaity In thin type of xswsb- 
. » \ trnom:v..:f •: a<- Xtaited ceeeitanxicmw oft.r. yc mtin;: 

t 3 io rsonv«.nlauao of -thor 0*o nut.it oonctantiy bo aoiv- 
cmlted a?o XarsoXy avol :od # Z) * intov * l: :* ‘ c veocoru? 
of taking data la . ii^ported by incentives :ihlah no otter 0 
e-a bo r.*iedtfld t- . ,m la tho swa u: .-'ogwwj b© 1 thcadftsai 
life. Xy to bo r»ro ait< «t tv» f xowwate and ^mtwiont In hi a 
jud03chto| hi;, rtrt&z momixigo of fch© topic wd bloa Ma better 
to «oie and interpret the mfi&XXMKf to the vdrattiUra un¬ 
der emrtnaMLo . 3) S thn; receives, flmXX » a wneve t© 

nnd detailed hno.FXe^e of the hole prooees his 

data dc&cnd, matt ns ho |* «S Mfiww* 

Mmeif to tu* tmA ewaaa&ts of tiifaam* 

Vtm polio? f on the other bond, has no a&Mfel 
X) ms aatn t>clns mi plicxl lordly by o m c* eritlma ooXla- 
tlon o--’ ’‘•y.m iritu cat- froa otive .; ••sr < ?fo 'ii'os* Xltse 

o. ;y. .1 *lo.ii. j i - i* T O.. Oesiox»r;.llsatlcn Ik- - now : ; ?o ynoncc- 
vtmz $ ad thu l»: to bo mtai 4 wrnta by other 



•* 




■ J •’ : 1 ‘ ' 

" ' , >• • ■ " 

. 

. 

■ 









tilth tlie yol&iiira poarKrasttwoe &** the ®a»e 0 imtcsr different 
O'-nclttor.-, iv-.th r tlim fhot of titffnt- "• tho vn 


mmttt 

tttll ttL 
In thin 
In iisno: 
staGettoa 


it.i 


ittvity my 

, 


yanoe* mdo it 

*/■, r„ r >4 '‘-'to tit ft 

too In the <£«gmf< 
loo mia# in noos&i 



oi-i~ 


*t|i 



mm. 

• • » « 

-o ond oo&dtiU 
: # wieaK3fri<*i. 

; * i 

on ;:' o<: than 


• s 


’ either Gordon 
•goto n by one of 
3?u*tJ raoro not by 
- ;t or 30) bu^^e, 
r:o‘-n t {n • v. ay), 
(uaunixy) ox* 
te of tho only 
.<ll^tlonr U dhoalt f 

♦ 

i ohanoo bet^con 
ito ei a thoi? 

>va* tl-c *aylto? 




' ■:,! 






























* 







4 





• 



. ' • 

<* 1 







1 ! ~ ‘ < i 

4 















♦ 







* 

- 











































* 


1 










1 ' 















* 


. 
























. 
















r 





















































• * 


* 



























































dae*oo to K1 m HXXlor, unfailing iatapoat and Help -ere 


to I vo p«pt'io»A QhurfSB of ouoh natter* In, In general, to b© 
mpnifiUNlOi 18 m aotwvl immotixee* will bo »©t forth in the m&~ 
mi pmijWjfc . <| third MtMNM ©f HAi nothod w*»# 

that the roaulia otfcOd i«ot to toMLnt«i and treated until «8&~ 
pesto ntuMon e’ao aouplcta ♦ ?hia riurih aeloyod the final 
phasea of the worn and carolled 33 to proceed amvKfoat*!n 
tho dapfet without tha guidano® tfhldh early data oo.: yield for 
ti © fut -4.S'; o.o?o*oc of i invoetlnat Xn :srito of thooe 


ittfhla aontano© nunt not he Interpreted to norm that th© 
writer wan tuxr© imtartn# upon hlo ccQcnrtontal twasfc with a 
Itliiil of clf-li . a ■ ?in • • A ? v I o y of ... t i*l 1 Had 

aln • .tV bom collectod fpon fcaar different •« by tho nothod 
of Unit©, : Mob ported the writer had • r nally at-* 

tonded tr 'Very detail fron npr^rntu© to rrotft'tola; m : hod 
ai; .0 out about thro© to four xtodlm In parattial ©baervlais by 
tlu rj. J;. thod. no ttr .j had atom • at ©pportisilty to ao.pmlnt 
himolf Ath 1X100“ ve,:*y r-v>bl - :i of a: ; a?o;*no * procedure, 
before over beglmlng -tth tto •con-st.-.nt uttoaisa-dlfferelioo* 
octhoi.. 


fsMto, thta policy xraa oonalatc tly hold, to prevent any diu- 
turb :o v, of * " • • 

thaa, x) it my bo .rgod* in - study which oeofee to deter- 
ul. a law, already fas* date«l and © tJnv.&od over for otlw 
or oaioea, void© airs© In thld field, that isioalodgi? by o of 
preceding roouita night subtly warp his future ©to crvatlono In 
f-vc : * f • Vher,- tlool uOi" . ■'• - t‘.:d 

that ,?uoh a:.-. ffoni 1 not inaoncoiv bio; but tho octr»l©icity 
of the •. situation wan ■-> gyent no to mb' It, In th© writer*a 
ortnloj-i, wholly n<.r:ilnl!>ln, 2) ooi?o te>ortont .tio this 

•'••olloy li-i /'•: jr-oot- of 1P> nt (iVrn dsia fr • '• ' . . rfl- 







- 




' 


- 29 - 


nit® Jmovrieag© of the rr® gotta® raid orient ©f amov. mi error 

load® nimnt wrlftlnlf to one of* two iwat -; ©ttlur to it® 
fiXlMl ©l initiation a® o bc^cim* to milto for It in 

bin juAgri at®, or to it® nomination through * efftwt to 
avoid tta® other alter 

in iim, tte^efter®, the writ®® ®tcxlts that none of tli© 
a priorifl&motoa&tas 1 Jiust ©tied troro erueial hero: the ftrut, 
for the rotusen above; the aoooxtft, ©sing to tli© oatqp©- 

t< n-'v? !UKl fidelity of *h« naol^i.'-ntaj the third, tv.n r-o of 
the tnfiiesp* n ivo preliminary ©ripericno® irith the nfcol© 

r- nm of r*tM.o« and r‘-*oor*d^r® Involved* 

d in th© o-rdor shotms 

ayorp X (yotmiray 10 - Jtsne 8, 191?)* 5&** l - 5 ^* * 3U>t 

to, A, S. 

o*©itr it (July t - torn®* u, 191?) ^ %0 $ )$# 32# * •• 

iShc data ftpnrj tho 'tarred vni«©» arc ' ed only for 001:5- 
1 arativo puspo«ja* y owrtng to thus p«itiitoiia© of prac¬ 
tice effect e. 

The r. ibod < ;h thcr otoa* an- • ■ ' or toco stvo ;r©non- 
tHition of the ettmli, -n rmxx a® the &n$>ta*ion taipcrattir®) 
and| aare ©specially, the ©onistatito to bo u, ©d each day wear® 

:fi rod in v :.io-.r by -0 lit ar-r: - *t*!- a ay.--! : r-He n?!;.©duXc; 
the a®©! ..tout then ayrrngod these tai^or&tnrcm in an order 
tii Q n ay : fuaoif tin: rjov*- * . ;jara; * . ^■ixy.wtnz 

tro ettaili, they*?®®©* B-o had no clue whatever to their aot- 
imx disparity#* s-0 tuna hl*©sr the original tcs&oratiiv®* 

V ttaeo, by inadvertent, the actual <&ffcsonoc bo- 








1 * 














that had boon sot for a r>aelw and about xfim% cliff esronoo; ore 
prcMit) but n© took ©very precaution not, to Kno ■ her these 
Intervals 'tom dlstrtb tod* l>*0 t; 'is tied n-'- aonaa of loaimlnc 
•.ihot: j.v t © acnpuratlca of two given 3*rs **• , ,ir / 9 ^ • -5 or 

* o«l£ or uhat} hi Infant Ion nos strictly XMlttxi to these 
points; 1) . rhliy, iu- • . ; _iy late ■ U , of each iso - 0. >®, 

. 10 ®, anti no on - More repreoantod tn the aeries ♦ au< -> n<r ' : ’° 
ufoolfionlly, 2) utwthcr any t /o 5am had been ot o^ual, 
a,l 3) that no tuo ji*ra diftood, in the cartcli^l - tti, , 
by n x»o than a certain anoamt* ?xty t *2$*« 

*nio fijjttftn thus arises: Qf#m MM knonladis* 
by B-0, uao til© pmeeduvo still •.. rrlescntllc' • In every essen¬ 
tial part? Qma iricalng point 2) above xro my a X opooifto- 

ally: bid b-o , b Ismn&0408 that novo ay tmnaf 0* oo®-lntervalo 
i70i?© scheduled for a given series affect tn any xrsy tho prob¬ 
ability of a JH^djpmsit* in that series? 13—0 isU$it, for ox- 


ifho *isqti:il 1 —Judaic: \t, Is not specially considered here for 
too reason that, by the ©loco of the practice period, ♦Bcptal 1 
;■ a b • n 'Cu k• f yftcrtly m^vlaiit'-d by nonl/’-- hor e::a:*- 

t lo # th© msords vro?© ©x&iinod in tuo places iwootn at W Ha B B 
tin© th© relative mxtom of b- and s -Judgaotitsi 


the rtguma am: a . 

rhemg) I (first tat series In !Say 
Ore-p II {last ten series In July 


1 


X) • 219 
B ® 3^0 


E ^ 0. 
B « • 


apple, tend to give acre b-judmento sticn he knotf that several 
pains of jprs had been set ecptal than If only one pair iioro 
tl,. oonoj or he oight tend to ooppmaate end thereby lisplao© 
his lUibyicatn In the opposite ray* 

On this point the writer am offer alaoot no data bo- 
©aviso re nearly t.ro Jars, at 1< at, .‘arc : t ; *• •"* 






. 

• ■ I 

. ■ ■ • < 








-31- 


in only two oases can he submit, for comparison, scries which 
1) arc free from practice effects, 2) use the sane method 
at the same temperature, and 3) have differing percentages 
of o.00®-intervals; see fable III. This table shows, that an 
Increase in the proportion of o. oo®-intei*vals (column 1# 0.05 
to Q.io; Column 3, 0.13 to 0.21, 0.26 to 0.335 
a decrease in the percent of B-jiidgments (o.*M to 0,35, 0.^3 
to 0.29, 0.36 to 0.31) in three cases; by an increase in one 
case (Columns 5 and 6, 0.19 to 0.3b and 0.23 to 0*26); and the 
same proportion by an increase in one case (Columns 1 and. 2, 
0.13 to °*13 and 0.26 to 0.3*0. It Is obvious that nothing 
a uniform relation appears in thin table; and while the 
probative force of these figured Is by no means high, what evi¬ 
dential value they have tends to negate the existence of any 
correlation between these two factors. 

Some other facto bearing on this general quo; tion arc, 
Vor, more conclusive. 1) As has already been elaborated, 
the temperatures often rose or foil between successive ohecKs 
by one or more hundredths; the intervals between then were 
thereby oorr erponding3.y altered. Thus, of two jars differing 
originally by 0.05°, if one rises 0.3® and the other drops 
0.01® the interval is reduced to 0.01® (001m* ♦ 1 ^ 

tabulating). Jmmadh as these slight changes were almost 
always present in one or more jars, the original distribution 
of intervals seldom persisted unchanged throughout a working- 
period; neither the number of 0.00®-, nor of any other, inter¬ 
vals could be considered perfectly fixed; whence E-°, being 

























* 













Ill < 1 








4 






4 4 . 




«• 


. 

. 


• ^ ? t Sjjj *‘j .* | 

























, 





















































■■X. 


ti 




.:■ c\ ' . 








. 






- * o ‘ 




0 








, •'n-'V 


. 









■ 




\ 




' 










$ 










ms in 





10 * 

0 , 05 * 

0 , 10 ® 


ItavaMt 

, . r ! - . - 

SriNffiL 

Percent D 

- 

Hat to I'djPOdSft D 

, 0 ® * to ^ iavr 

« 8 Bsr Jtir 

o*mL to 

*, . .•°~... 

taamlQ 

Peccant P 

paxft jCiu* 


\ 

1 

a 

\ 

3 


3 

6 

eo® 

V 5 

O.ln 

0.13 

.19 

0.25 


o# 

0,10 

0.35 

o,ai 

o,a 9 

o. 3 »f- 

0.26 

Z 

0 ® 

0*13 

0.26 

o,*a 6 

0,36 



aa* 

0,13 

°« 5 * 

•33 

c .31 




!:otoo; • t l>* he w an '! ; ;«"n'ton: m ♦-*- ■ *** 

♦1 f ; - * ... . . ~ 

uxtnl fbr a fiivon aorto* afftoot the ftfcqpc&oy ' of 

ivaita lii that nox*ioo? At tfc© left ®PPe&* t 4! 9?2? at fKL 

- -0® -m«l 2d° - <*03? \tiifh t; :0 oa^X^tO not a 01 u>.tn 9 td&rJt 

* 


a:;?c tVf&Xdbl « V*I ' 


fUymm ?ov 


1 o,oo*, o,o$* . n; comm 1 £lyoo th« 

—c of 0,00«-tntoWTa Ik*o&o •*. f~>r a rlwj oc • 

.: _ ;* f l ~ 

..Ij In th 

l n Tf often n I'Kju- :.-at. folio ;ed?: *Ow nil /-♦;/:•°J- 


oomy. 


6 V fitfully fit*o tiuj 


* 


!'•••• .f, .-O ' ;;•.{•} cl; Jfflvetl an follow : 7 S Xilt.c^TOlO 

. ■ 

* 0. : . . * ' * • 

- 7 ) 11 - v- ' z\t> • - • .*lv • • ■ * -* 

' ‘ • (t.j ’A\ i 9 ' . - ' ’X 1 c - . r . - f? - 

; sa { : ) f .. of XX 0,10®—- *. & 0 1 

ftfwos •• * J*?,0.10®v;’°,*. t ! : ;':; ;i1 ^ 


OVW «w*o of il** ooltoi fomlnn t*o oota nad a 

-. 0 , 10 ® V .' 

























• 33 - 


fuliy txxmm of the*** fncia, woo tooofte prooeareed fron allow- 
iw£ Ms Knowledge of the ©rigtjiaX dotting to easai&leat© and 
ymtiMm t) T&mmm of emotont ww duo to 
mtHod v th© taodal 3>*$ia#aent often foil above or Mor 0 * 00 *#, 

*he aooonpanring table, Table ry, eium how the wide mtim 
mo dletslbuied fbr the v^riouo t<i^crotiTO^ievt3lei and tin©- 
iWdN^oo-orclero in 00 * date* Xt v;ii:i Ire yily Id 

of 3 Q ( 3 d r *>) fall at o.oo*; that is, in 64 £ or © oca, a 
IKJuOgMlt was leas lively to appear bet mm dif- 

JMUi# by 0.00* tfcrja between tlMft aciparaied by O#0$* or JN)M* 

I | if 3S-C H% one aerie© had t rio© as mny 0.00*- 

intmrvnlo jus another, hi w oIjjo thorouidtty amam that thin 
foot had n definite ornmx relation aith tho rmtoax of B- 
fr-.coi ntn at all; it niy t in x^e.ao <vy <Vv»ro-ioe the l.> . * a*, 

fteeordtng t* the carton?, end uiyeoil&n of the constant error# 
Since, fttrthae, the •*» .it of this constant tendency '.ran tidily 
ualrto Ti ■ ii.i, ita <i.i.t <V V>n could only it; eye , 

B~0 ana well a;.; - rod, in t orllor 1 - opinion, ac* isv.t any 
tendency to star, artifletally, hi© gveeeao of $ud&Lh£ on the 
basis of the n-z&i 0 of o.oo*-, or of any other, intervals# 

In brief, the writer i,i oonrtn^dL, both in theory and fraa hie 
c^c-rlcnoe uo IW), t ; at the oy ration of then© omstaut tend- 
eikoiee, who: jo degree and direction were xmfcnosm to hi» # served 
effectually to baffle any oonneiiOtia or tm^nooiono tendency 
to guide hlri ^ittlglnn by the Xtipt of What laiovrlodco ho Imd 
about the origin*! distvttmtlon of the intervnia* 3 ) A mm~ 

bear of ttrace, cnpooially owing worfc in Group TJt, one or %mm 






‘ .. . 











xv 

Qlatvllmtloa of rfcmd® ifttfer, ft>v Miuil^Knia 


' •" ° • l - 0 *i°° * # ;« .■ t .10® .. ; • • # : :® 


ii 


10 


;;oto: 'xht t-&xn isfcvu t-m at;;tali; Man of *iio crude 

cioties for f; 5 i® fi^sap ed^lmiiono of ^tawsnd optoo-tOBOior at nil 
of tlie tcxracsmturoo iKyo«i t JftoXuditig praeiiee aosrica - 50 oafioo 
In 11 # tn frequ xyor wot® tm« iitfitly binned* the 

no< 3 © vjitft lar&c?# ftwjjfciwy la here a^oorxrdod^ iMXe if both 
WKten msm equal the one boned m the lavne* roiiMttf of arman 
is, jstv^l oao eaa® of 1 >too 4 alltv t finally - &$&*•■ r-i-oaitar^ 
of . - t# fe&ood on th® mmc ntt&crv of eases - to oalitad* 

f ;-o mid tv-, ‘fne l : Tides? ♦o*eo* indicates 

tli t f In one <mm 9 tiv i xsig® >t ;• e*. vail a so of JMuclarvTVfco op- 

' * 1 V . .a ■ *■’ ; 1 • • * • • • - ; 

th» lo imder o.oo* mans mat. in l£ eases* f 
fkw&imty of IWJndUpciito reunited when the caiporiuon jnr ms 
< -:?v\i to the tfcnuiagMty and a on. 

The tim i lac-order o - standard jmoodfjtc ondi folloiTing 
eo T’ftXt m t^iporatiive - and th® two «g5noo-oramfo - nt indard 
to rigjit ami to loft of (luw&Lism Jar - ccncraixy yield aif- 
fcrajit maos, mine to the j»i»] *e of const; mt teadcsiniaa* 

4 o ho dl • ‘ ucood - -:;;n »*o); «g #| t a disparity v 

the node® for the tito tl?:;M:-or«iore to largely doe to the ex¬ 
posure of ttaa Ju&sltifnaurfhe® to the air duirag the pm-eoss 
of oa^nelnonj tli® effect of tfcl; e- omepo lc equal and oppo¬ 
site In the * o or< ?» # 5 Sh? lnio\*val brf^con odor *alien- and 
.* not how:-the none at all lovely twrcvcw* 
the tm&'-mt of this offcot varies alio. 










thoajfitestate man «*ul 0 M 0 M& by a»«t£itctnto f Iwtm-Ktti 

a&rteo in teo mmmm of the Troxitlno-r op1*nX| tn tela may a mm 
dlotribut ion of Iniem&a ’tn© neeuycxt without any MouloO/ro 
toy '>-0 © f- it • cnt. 4) An infection of M&Lt t f Ul 

•WW teat the pcrac3ita00© of o,oo* f 0*O*?* f o # XQ<» # one iari> 
er f tet«ryalo f as nohocfctiod caul Knoan to B~0 f did ot groatiy 
vtu?y ffcaa on taipafatflHNl Xavol to another* if the py&etio© 
am dlatagGOpdi * i XL <llfforenoea MM twit at 

tee irveia where clla<^:iirintiO(n booaaao ekw?» accurate; i*tt 
•port fwn tela it \?lii bo no tod tent t!u? uiatoeibution of in- 
ttevaie ohannoa fmt Xiitl , aid ; loariy, fron cm. level to an~ 
ateor. bhto otolla'”' led ulotrtMtiona oeyvod 

ala© to iteo any pooaifcl© effort teat the of tern 

Bight have, 51 ‘ 'p to ftdU point the writer Mo tried to he 
raore than teir to any peoaiblo objection,; that ai$il be missed 
arain. t, hlo mtfeod f and to amor onou^i teete to dtaprovo, in 
hi • Opinio , .117 bUb:.' a a. by .-or. 7 ■ ;c \%mx hi a >' - 

rsmtOf even ad ihi lotoaletig© boon at ail tlnoa oloarly bo 
fcftg nind| hut in teat nothing of tela uort mm trun* ?e 
ainniao that shd clearly Mow or ro«stxn7«aitly cnll<\ *-o nine 
■" v - ■ ' i; 1 ;.\V7 >*•■ !',-., of lir..i/a;-a ?oule be trrbi?Xy aw * :of 

only did te© actual distribution of cUffaraiaoa ted* day to 
day, ns indicated ttneto 4) above, vary littlo (in fact, it 
renamed pxt-otlcally ld«-niionl 1 ! uiy Lv n t : r ■■..* •■ ': I -v ), 
hut it Sl3 ■ U,‘ *ly on *c to ntmi at nil* She Tivitor iuhco to 

OKphauis© tM? H ■ poetically n^ver teou. ht of tiu dif^ex^noo?*, 
apart teon the vmy they a poarod in t! 'ctual prooeem of jtKV*"* 
istg. By tee doaa of the proof. loo period, the judging iwooomi 






* 48 £tt ▼ 

M'r'i&tmttm of ttkwolrs fron Os&gtosl Sdhmtule 
(la Mrooitteupai) 


Slso Ot Ql^OfNAs 


iNwapo^a- 
‘ won 0.^0* * 


. » . 0* 

. o° 

0,23* 

VOX 

o.U5* 

of xa- 
t .CM# 

32* 

* 

0.13 

0*13 

o.l7 

.13 

0*13 

. 

30 

83* 

0.07 

0.27 

0*20 

0*13 

0.13 

0,13 

• 

30 


. 

• 

. 

0* 20 

0,15 

. 

O.ng 

40 

ttets)! 

ao* 

• 

« 

.T? 

,20 

.13 

. 1 


73 

Id* 

0*O«j 

0.40 


0*13 

. 7 

- 

- 

40 

ao* 

0*1 

0*40 

0*29 

0.13 

0,01 

- 

- 

00 

$4« 

0*11 

0*40 

0.33 

•13 

0*02 

- 

- 

43 

20* 

0.13 

0.33 

0,27 

0,07 

- 

- 

- 

30 

.... n 

44* 

o.-T 

0.4-0 

* . 

0.13 

0,07 

- 


30 

40* 

* 

O.lvo 

o.33 

0.13 

0,07 

- 

- 

30 

36* 

0.13 

'=.£3 

.17 

0,07 

- 

- 

- 

30 

*£* 

0*20 

* 

.27 



- 


30 

•jgV*# 

0*13 

0.4-0 

. 

0.13 

- 

» 

- 

30 


:;otn: r : r -.lr> hMc a!Y*i& Jw; n*aflr latc^vaXa of oaoti else 

/■; - ■ Vi .' ■; ■ - Wiviu i ’ ivv X "m K» *1 t« 

Because of tnaomvaolco i the original sett inso, .^ndml 
ohnnrsews In ffee omarne of the aft«enoatt 9 raid alullar faotoya, 
the jor&H'r of lntosrvaXOf of 4mt&\ also, a<MU)r found In the 
data doo» not mttapely a^ee with the ooa^^i^ntUng mi>os* 

• 

‘ : :; 'vo 'I, *, 1 ••♦ ti\ l . t o- ‘ 4 

of 40 int i.vvri actually nebex sled for v. o t 8 ( • • 1‘) xtcto of 

« • * 

















• 37 - 


had boccam v?ull ©tcindardtaod and prbaoodod, each pair for it- 
oolf f in tho objective and ivftforu faehion i/hlah fterlt of thto 
’lone: © nav•••?•,. & an: oarofMly om 4 ' • » inovlt. i-iy :— 

(IUqog; and hunc.® \nm all tht. I- .-a opua to OdUtortloii by catron- 
COU • of tftl ;art, 

in brief, the voettm bliovoa the* ho fca« fsho^Tn that 
the procedure remitted * rlthout faints # In evo?.*y ocmniial, 
daaptio tlic uinor dorarturoo frori ordliiiojy practice d<&&indod 
by hla position an both 8 rmd 0. 

f Jar* on | -ore rc&oariy need; 

oiioli on© osrvod in txam ao th< ittguiordy t:.-- other fly© bolnc 
then oor^v,api;;on Jm?®; 13 pair-.-;, ox* t• 3*&crafcurc Intr^v-i:., war* 

: H| l- 5 *-, 1-3, l-o, ::-v, aH% f and <o on# The 
oevonth jar xmo fcopt rogtiUBftjr at 32 * (apirrnsljmt© ah$» tcr>* 
poaenturo of the fin&am) and 1 ) ne adaptation jar In 

tie a tied of B^ralanto and 2 ) aa a *o erve jar Mr uoc In 
omjo on o : ' td. otl »•• * t<..• jpor :yily out of ©reV: . Ae pro- 
ylouily ©tatody the omenta to bo need each day tow fixed 
In -dVvtiioc by 15-0 In accord with a ayataa:.tio >gh<42u1cj for 
excpple, ouch a series as tie- folio /inn ^wCU1 bo arc erved for 
t/:T, a' oat: -,alv-. day©: ao« * 

20* DO 
20*05 
20*10 
20*15 
• ; 

on tli© fir* tbr# tlie aaoiatoal wOd allocate then© value® 

In o 2 i order toioim only to hlnaoUF iraonc the iix 3©ra; the next 













. 






S- 


tiay the values tfero JWVorsdy tujronged* eo that Jaa? 6 hcul the 
t^aeratur© of 3ar 1 the tay before, jar 5 of 4 1nr £, anril «o 
on; • :aotly tfco :«sr tit - .tva! •*. :•;.»<• th n ;-:t‘ a -at '• 1: o;•- 
pGi u.<I - * ?tr. -‘hove unnple :vt yi x. • X; : . .'• rvnlJ' » 

<Jlf3tr1i)utcd >'ui follotra: 

0 . 00 * . 0 $* • 0 .. 10 * 0 . 1 !;* . *° 

X 5 4 3 2 

It its obvloue that 310 poiiulblo tHjfOai-lwa viould give aw e^F-^X 
mfirtber of inttsrvala for onoh <xlsw| o.g., no arntsigaicnt could 
give thro© v I each into?v .,2 above. M j 1 , 

th ordinary Methyl by vriilch wesy Interval In ©otiparod the 
aatii:- niirJxr «• » iiisatlen 

thus urines: la It defon-tbl- to uao ww< rmll diff',sfonao# 
(0.03* ana 0.10*} f ■u'i Inr:; r-nen, ritb the r< imlt that aoat 
of the jud#aunto, on hiolt the lln aia rc baaed, oro frcaa 
mill intervale? 

in the sjrlta** opinion, t; . -roe dure as hero u od *..rr\r» no" 
only defensible but al o prefer bio. in oaipartnc **• 
ixayitux’oe, -. 7 © : yt a certain P<-re-ntu•* (p) or* .•• : n .. O 

3ud03unts; but a p near 0.30 has asa» effoot on tho Item*. 
than one near 0.00 or 1.00 j for ejtasplSt the %ei£$ht* riven 

to pa 0.30 1 . 000 , to p *• 0*23 or 0.73 iP 0 M| t0 

p -3 0.05 or 0*93 ia 0.332. vhla Wins time, it la logical, as 
Urban* point-, out, to got an mny Sudani- In the region of 

Ulrbon, JVUS Ms- PeysliophyTilseh<m ranttawthodm, eta.; 
Arohiv f.d. • oxor&c, 16 ( 1909 )* P* 












. 




<■ 

. 











, 

: 



* 

♦ 



















♦ 










4 












. 


* 





. 

; 

’ . . . »■' 


, 












.* 9 ~ 


. tw. . 


?tov: 9 :w. • • 

(l')X7) f • . iiSl. 


*•• • eon idisratiana s X) tarp' intervals civo onuy 
uhloh have a •oieadylnn effect* on 0 rtfi© in lihoXy to be 
mivled or confuted, apparently, if oil oawarl sofie ra ?0 «1©»® 
end dlffiowit , »fhat the crt- n> vnXiton Xo.-e in nathaiatimX 
;■lmi.fio.av-", tli n t 1 md» 'T by their <:f?*o<Jt von the atti¬ 
tude * ) If a mxw? MM of ctiimii I 

r,ood f a srsntll dofxtrtWtfO of the lto« ftem Itu ^tpootod value 
win give tm acj&sacfcrioal dletrlbntlan of tho ctte&l about 
the Xiacn and thus tend to arouse habituation or expectation 
in 0. 

An to 1): t: .ore we rc^arly ,m X^co difSEtepaioea 
adlagly Mfr Juti^cata} MA " V 

prove that a emut many of thoaa tiro nmxled to maintain the 
pro;- attitude in O# in fact, the writer oral t« jtfcflr for 
hiu.ioif tifitAaoro than a tm obvious jutini>«tn in u oorlos 
napa assioyin/% Mo only uay In Mih the tnvidMM of cor®«aBN» 
loons earth afternoon conM piin aorxe •intellectual* interest 
for hlxi was Tto they uore «Xo n awwaejli to bc f aoh tuao, a 
. $ * # : 1 0 1 • , ' • • ih< ■ 

tive to the alert eb server} a fm m y mm arc ft»cdM to Icecp 

MW Tiitmifly^ r< , ■ t0 

beooa© &FP& dvoly mnotmioua and ^ttochaniaaX* • “n thi 
connection lei th reader consult Stable VI, vtilch ivoa the 

of p , find p 0 fox* earth act of data fvera tiMUfti a llcnm wan 









- 40 - 


2 AJ&B n 

Kartell and f&nirial Pe*oeata$a& of T/ and 0 £ttt!0W9Mta 
1*03? Barih S0t o £ Bata 


l^yactloc Sca*ios 


.... w..... ... 

ag» 


h a 

- -.H........ 

e 

tl 

c 



* 

X.00 i # r:o 

. 

x*oo 

1*00 

. ^ - 


3 






s - * 


" in* 

0* 3.0 

.00 

. 0 

• ^ a 

. 

k 1 

Jtox. 

3.. 00 1.00 

1.00 

1.00 

1*00 

1.00 



H 

hln # 

.00 

• 

0.00 

* 

3*00 



• 


1.00 

X.00 

. 

1.00 


R 

'In* 


• 

0*00 

0.00 

0*00 

S - <T 










'ox* 


1.00 

1*00 

1*00 

1.00 


E. 

n* 


fjiA 

• 

• 

0*00 

0*00 


noto,; t Talil« Vi: mo - able r^Lvca tuo naseimi and win- 
imi po?o nt ; a ~ th t i , tlib rav - o:? v; a; : J 
uaito' ’ vdy ir.t of data* by tut n-*bod # tmi rmtoh a 

li" 3 M .• • c;"flPtV< a* 

?o &:„■& till..: triblo? In (byo-tp * S - <3 (ritandard 

rajNXJoding oonpnri on 4^*)> opaetwapdos? H < oot^arlnoii Joj to 

■ - * • - . - r ti t os . ; ’r 

afciw-fcitcwfta.:) u.i e& r: ‘.v< .7* ntrs. < nicest 

;,;/ U; * ' ': ' .v t 3 . t on /: 4 ■:■■ 

v;. v • ; v.* - iit-.s nt all# ".n X6° f 0, . * ; c 

■hud that t\h. inn iiant • x>oli. :,*» nov-. r ap-cnicd In nt In t no 

m : ; 0 -o.mcI In another* 




















... .. 



















• 





* ■ 





# ’■ V 



^ J A 





. 



■ 





































rjmst n 


G^o i r" X 



. 8 fi* 

16 * 


;: 4 «> 

uo° 


T 7 (5 

V a 

V 0 


W. ... <2 



• 

.'J:: i. 

.7; l. 

i. 0.75 

. a X. 

2.00 1.00 

*3 'fl 


in. 

. 0 .< 

. 

. > «o> 

. - 0. 

* *i 0 


l 

• 

in. 

. 1 . 

O.-Jl 

. ,00 

.Lx .00 

o.fSf .16 

, 

1.00 1.00 

. '>0 

<T-0 

B 

i* 

? V|** 

• 

In. 

* '■() .00 

0. : 0 ,00 

* 

* . o 

. >o i . 7 ! 

0. 0 0,00 

:. o 0.7; 

. . 

. 00 1.00 

. 0. )0 

t 

nr:. 

"In. 

.• ; 0 2 . 0 

. ' . 

n. A 

0*00 o.o ? 

1 . < . iu 

♦ . 

.00 1.'0 

. L , >0 

2.>0 1.00 

.00 c.oc 


eftTOjj 

XX 




44 ® 

4 o* 

y$o 

32 ® 













W 0 

13 ,. ..... 1 ... .. 

3 A 

-g— 0 

V Q 


n 

'• - * * 

1.00 . if 

1.00 1. 

.o> c.75 

. •;• .00 

: .00 ..3a 

0-J 

h . 


, . 50 

. 

0. 

. . . 0 


•or.. 

i. o o. ; 

1.00 ... 

, 

2.00 ,30 

0.69 l.oo 


k 

:t; . 

.00 . X 

. -0 , 

.00 0. 

. 

. 5.10 


n 

• 

i .7: . • 

1 . i: l. 1 

2.00 1. 

.73 .00 

'<) , a 


• 

. • . 

* 0 * 

0.00 r. 

. 0. 

' . ?o r . >0 

«J—k 


[ n::. 

. 

1. . 0 

1,0 1,00 

. v. . 

1.00 o.« 


i 

* 

f .00 . 

i 0.00 ' .00 

.0 

. 

. . ' 



















































































































. , . 


, . . . . 

« 


♦ 


\ • 

V ♦ ♦ 

. : . 






4 


‘ 

. . 








& * • - ■ 


* I i « 4 








- 






* 




* ' , : . 

.4 






. 



. . ... 


.. 

. 


- 




‘ l 

. . . 







































- 42 - 


dertved* emitting practice &crlee f coo that in 40 of 00 
•mw* (^60 )>) p ranged from 0.00 to 1*00; of the ramlning 
- (-usfa-i3od in Table VII ) f 26 r npo fron • 7 - to • ) nd 
6 are below 0 # 70 # That i - f in 60 $ of all > 
a ferr dlf^a aaia ,0 obvious that, "o:' a-'jjpi: f a \/-ta pi- nt 
nov r .-ip; ra: (r- 0*0 >) .rid; a . . o •’ ’ ai and a.l .vys ap¬ 
peared ** 1* 10) rrit?i ; ail 1.; 74 of jO seta 

t 8 * 93 p), the intervals differed cnon^i to five p 0 rang® 
of 0 # 70 or mre, Thi 1 my servo to a Hoo that :?hlle f in gener¬ 
al, not mny largo diff* ronoea were used, there were nearly 
always enough to give *t 1ms t son. •• • >. y Jud&imtn in the a? % 

<0 

7 ABIE VII 


Wmm of p and P ( tag 100): Token ma Tabi n 

v o 



.90 

to 

. 

, 

to 

. 

.10 

to 

•79 

,60 

to 


40 

. 4 ? 

4* 

to 

- 

Total 

I> Zt 

W 

2 

1 

1 


1 



3 

II 

ft 

1 

4 

X 




ef 

p I 

0 

2 

3 

3 



j 


9 

II 


g 

a 

X 

* 



10 

Total, 

9 

7 

10 

z 

O 

fit 

1 

X 

3 a 


Aa to 2) above: the poin* her a in, th .t a prode«lnanaa 
of on Jud*p*fcni # »ay W f will tend to wM it habitual or e:c~ 
ported, aiml thua artificially pair*© the value of P^ in that 
act j hence tlie otimil uhould he o distributed that W and 
0 will, in each act, occur about equally often* Table VIH 













■ K 

i . 

. . ■ ■ . 

• $ , ■ , . - 

' • 

1 

*m , * ‘* I 



... : v 




















, ■■ 

. 5 






-43- 

"JUttB Till 

Peso n f <us« Frazil' .oloo of tr taid 0 JudsoentB 


Owns® I 





VmetiAQ 

go* 


20* 

24 * 

23* 




V? 

0.45 

0.47 

0.34 

0. 9 

0.22 

0.29 

0,23 


5-J 

h 

Q 

0*2! 

.3? 

0.43 

0.54 


0.43 

. 1 



V 

0.51 

0.33 

0,30 

. 

0.46 

0.40 

0.34 



K j 

0 

0.30 

0.43 

. 

0.36 

.26 


0.37 



| 

r 

0.39 

043 

0.39 

0,46 

. 

0.40 

0.45 




lo 

0,40 

o.y, 

0.35 

0.29 

0.42 

0.35 

0.35 


J-0 



0.33 

. 

, 

o. 4 a 

- 

0.57 




R 

0 

0 , 5-5 

0.& 

. 

. 

, 

o.t 

. . 


Artt.n- 

X! 

n, 4 c 

0,39 

o«3- 

v 

.'9 

0.42 

0,42 


mtto 

"om 

a 

0.35 

o, 4 a 

o # 3 ; 

,;*6 

0.36 

. ;• 

. 




50 M id tn MUM m aw li :16», S-* (i;timuard l»|0«*- 
)• J* Cat# 

i’ ■■ 

, Vf»a fcp thl 3 oolum, «%!• 

d.;,-; ai r> ’ c f .j 1 0*30. 




















' ./ 


. 


. 












?«&E nat (Ct.nttauoti) 


CMHp XX 




44° 

40* 

3<$* 

32* 

z$* 



AT 


0.62 

0.60 

*57 

0.35 


t. 

0 

•3* 

. 

0.16 

0.17 

0.43 


B 

ir 

.;o 

0.153 

o.5o 

0.4* 

o.4a 


0 

0.46 

0.a4 

0.14 

. 

o.3i 


1 

» 

a»23 

. 

0.30 


0.40 


E ‘l 

If 

. .53 

0.44 

0.42 

0*33* 

0.29 


F 

,24 

0«~T 

0.19 

• 

0.35 


It 

L 

0.62 

0,49 

0.56 

o.n-3 

o.37 

&*tthrjo* to 

F 

#32 

o.44 

0.40 

. 

0.3S 

isgoi* 


[ 

’vKS 

. 

0.32 

o,;.l 

0.3S 
































. 















' 


. 

. 










... 4 ! 




* < 


- 

















- 




♦ 






* 


* 


r 




. 




. 





















4 























































shows the frequency of W and C for each set. If the four 
time-spaoe combinations are taken separately, the proportions 
of w and. C sometimes differ widely; consider, as an ex¬ 
treme case, Group l # 2 S°,. J-S, R; 16 $ of the judgment# were 
D; of the remainder 6 k $ were W and 20 <f> were C. The 
point of subjective equality! here equals -.0.071*; the e%~ 

*The point of •subjective equality* la defined by Urban 
(loo. clt., p. 201) as "jene mtensitat des Vergleich3reizes, 
fur welche die Yfahrscheinliohkcit des ttrtGiles * looser * 
glelch let dor tfahrscheinlichkeit des Urteiles •Kleiner* H ; in 
other words, the point where the two psychometric curves for 
•larger* and * smaller* (in our case, »warmer* and ‘cooler*) 
intersect. This value will be used later; see f>f>. '*(* {(. 

cess of stimuli above this point brings a corresponding pre¬ 
ponderance of W judgments. But in the same column, opposed 
time- and space-order, S-J, L, W =» 0,23, 0 » 0 . 5 &; the point 
of subjective equality here being +O.IO3 0 , C—judgments pre¬ 
dominate. how oven if to assume that the overplus of W*s in 
the first case induced a corresponding bias in 33-0* 0 judging 
the opposed bias in tho other set would tend to neutralize it, 
when the two are combined in an average. The four time-space 
coiabinat ions had to be used, in each scries, with the same set 
of temperatures; hence, the distribution of stimuli about the 
point of subjective equality, as the above examples illus¬ 
trate, was bound to be skewed, now toward u, now toward C, 
according to the direct.ion of the constant error in each com¬ 
bination. The Ilmen at any level, such as 2 ST°, is the arith¬ 
metic QMn of ih 'or the four time-space orders; hence 

we nu t. also use the mean of W and 0 to find out whether 
the linen has beer* affected by their relative frequency. By 





- 

. 

; 

vx 'V« i * " '■ * ‘ ■ 

" ; ' 





* »• * 


* ■ 

; • ■ * 

• 1 1 ' • 




■ 


. , ■ ‘ 




. 




■tit 

,, 

; 




■ 




, 

. 







» 











oxm'iinlae the aeono, ■■ find, praotlo© cs?im § that 

\i azmotim Q In -wm oqu/CL j 0 n 1 -<>» : e- '• *1-- 

1>< 1.-7; i la on- • Mm: « tf'Mra'O never exceed® 0«10 f o pt 

at *hidh la aisomloui both In entrant end dltoetlon of dif 4 * 

?fc • .fitCX* dOt Ai »0t l)*i>3*l<3VO thl * noh UiXl ilfcJijUal** 

It la a in tile ffew*w»ft*l<i0 or U- awl <^dO-*tlto nonOd tem 
any aptw inbl ..ffb t on tb Hi- n •» * J -.t lov r > no ary of 
proving ©* ^ fSWtt •*» MUni 1 WP 0 * va]wt 

to not© that, 1 st Wb<-M* 0 ©;d»e*ieiire otiidty of lifted aalrlitn* 
©endued od •;'-lth oVvjry ton and unties? crwiltlawi vifclol* «ay 

V OCnijjU'icxnxl ideal* or < Mv fbttflfftfcf pcwMltu .... of .ear- 

lex* ami Lighter 3uti0fc*nt» *tos hia oov n o*e at tHe- quo Uwl 
that vra® tuoti. (100 CPU#): 

> * .: 1 "•» 

. . • • • » 2£» ( >t P* 



1 

IX 

£XX 

XT 

V 

VI 

VII 

H 

n »37 

0.35 

0.3^ 

# 

o.n-6 

0.33 

• 

li 

0,41 

M7 

o^53T 

• 

o # 4b 

0*4*3 

0 # **9 


.;•'•■ , n .. n c.'- Mi illf‘ .*01-00, .Mta: aifji, 1 • x • * ' j!a 

wv: v^n fb* mix* dita (fable Tfl!!), ?^©ti • >• die -itttcd, 

i» 6 # 2 # oi» aMaf» **»«* tiliMkili fo ^" nro 

vrltH U^b'Sl 1 In i!\te 

* 

a;- detailed nbovn* tlus 9*0000 of o!> :*vl .c tu; *■ ^ K> “ 

ntn* Alnor.t oil the ebaorv&tlone in then© dot® ■sot© talcor* bo-* 
tsroon the boioeo ©f noon wid ft • •» •» to ***° b«dag b» 

■ • * 










■ 

. ; . f ' ’ ‘ 

« * 

- 





wvilml W m >t or itom « n<m% apod *Mi thcs 

twite** clauses* A ornxlboaml -tenoU had bc<m jawo*©* to 


fit, t'ho pajgs® or th© x*o>wd4>ooft and pimpeed vtith 120 holes, 
arranged 1 st six noettoiia of 20 each; these opottlMR 

t.lv jisd?y*titti **ore on *h r r: beneath* r "" ''actions 

«K9 tem X to TX, to tally *HH tft* 4Rft 

The rfero epenlnc^ in the first k?, section l f m seKvett 

and mrtal for tin five pon ibie «a#|natiott» of jm? I ^ith 
the '' tlv j? f in ye-gjuaru? d*te‘, Vt»*: V-C, *r5t : • 

fho other throe yesra uwpe duplicates of tho fir "t except for 
the -rdc r In fWLoh the «o»i»t 2 iatlono f»© tafcim and th© eor*mj?~ 
I:-, n -i iirnd®; in 1 wm tin- Jud&ieritn ***© tettam mid recorded 


In a differ rd, hut ft* , ord-r, aa follow : 

Vftmtt Mi| 1-5, i-^t 1-3, i-^t 

Socond: 14| 1-c, 1—3, l**^t 

Third; 1-3 • i-B# 3b-51 1#Jv * 1-6 * 

Fom*ths 1-5, X-a t 3a*4 t 1-3, l- 6 * 

By thto dovloe any t -o jam* ^®o ocopared four tlaors In a full 
aeries, hut eryh tine jameatiod by a different pair; for «***»• 
pfce, the .K^irtaflU of 1-6 ims flooded, In the fir t *o ', 


by x-5 f ta the iooond by l-d, in tho third by 1 -^* in tm 
.. . IM x0 ** a# 


yhi;. oram&nrot vms» doaianod to tm% irsneeu us the infimnoo 
that any J*to?**t U liholy to Imw on the one Immediately 
fhUo.’lnr.^ r - 1* *;iWm «i, f' t : : srixmd- 

Inn variable min distinctly oodum them the otomM* the nest 
one; slightly cool©*, my bo Jwiffif doubtful or mrtm *MNf| 
stely *mmxm the dtttesfmao 1» lees tonopimioua than the 



















. 




... - 


















1 " ' * 

• 




* 


- 



• 

. 

» 











. 








• 


















. 




ixmooding; .luarcafi aptupt * *4ito liLflutgioo th- ludfitatiit xalcht 

'- v •., O' .veotty, :onic ■■* !;:.' ^ one -..• t ?o di\*~ :.» n >oa 
Pf*e®<ttjtg have Ik n mill* on the* contrary, the. Jorigpent la 
j;iG-x*e lilt a:* ‘ be uoaur .t- * She above? ?xnK:iUf noat <a&vQd to 
ttwiato any antJtm ■ ? thlu aort* 

^viand v 7 i . tx # th© rooor^H t viho oat at a 

ttMo nearby, Jiaci a utnplo tak. Ho read tfte ttonblnutlosiD In 
thalr ttt&toA <mim tmx na ooaii Oft© wtv called, 0 Rave fclo 

Oftlofc woo roocmioa ttawft the gropes? <f(a!ilt on 
the r-'V'- tweath, At t3b oi;; of c cost. ■•’ (ewertn aljoilt 4J 
satirntcxs)* HiO j-vat had ‘3im> h a s .a *. re '•...• < d« 

Ao above at tael, owes?-. wiblntttlofi f oy pair, of $m» 
mm jn&gedl fbur ttoxa In o^h ovftot In the omspae of a ettritoef 
Ste example, 3am iKi v«wse ee^twed tte*.' In that order 

ana ai.o few ttne In fr.wap.ie order, 2 - 1 ; ©idkt oenr ^ on 
for on*L of thi. fifteen ocefctoat lewis tftax mfce tr the- te'al of 
120 Jnd^n * • In • ocv.'t< m i -ailti.on, throe or feta* 

*xn o.nr- t iV 7 tnc ) 2* :i~u (1 being the ti-nd-rd), .>-0 -a.vo 
SttSflMlt In tern; , § in th« orspeiod order 2-1 (2 mm 

b,iu; . * ad-;•*!), ' ju- .: Ha v . res cctttrlo* In 

the tr now that 2 la aasuar than 1, in the 

lat f o • tliui X l;; tkuisic a than ... 

■.<■:•!, 03 ■■ 1 * M f XX?ly C'tr IctOd i?i ' ' :fti m " « X* "til H.t 

<**oe be 9tnm that thin xroeednare df&avt* fttn tho matmmanr 
ono f In rM-th the atimll are pwoodBtot to 0 In ? orlao 
tn 4 he Otmot VO ibxy kno -^-.n o«y t :o t Jtiat 

* 

br.n* ■ ;tuty f thu •• <i£hta won., QSf^.^d In m or.- r toter- r. to 










-49- 


0 on a j?ot«ti»g tolii® etotooh two uorooriod fl*ma hi, via?; It 
wm thee eaay to Steep hi** toew lmofac with vlitdh pair of 
raifjhte ho two dealing 02? Wint jtftdfln&st ho Had Steen hen 00- 
tlnatlng tjv a .. -a? -ox .run os' o ~ 

f’ion ' r* *' noc*-.-- •••. *v omd!* tone of o\w <;:~ :• * ■• • 

litany and elaborate aeehaxriisa prooluded >OT mitpufla ion of 
;f$3?e and the ervalo , of eeuree# #tsaaliw& 

distant; jo tiv tt, in no »t oaaoB, 3 >*© could not avoid pcckii— 
berlng, m o repeated a given comparison #0 >uj? euoooe- • 

alvoly in a norteii, rrhat eetimte he tel |Wl«» 4 r fit*** to 
Hat polar, fete twnitliW there**** mtlnm m& d erwnd e 
a f taii»on* Si B—© ooppopod That ho 

Inev? to tso %ba anno Interval no oft n an 16 -tnoa in an af- 
tegnoan, In oadti fcte -order, ' 4 th no chau/;c ii: original 

sotting, givo evidence of aedifitee the inter IMPtwtet 
fetcral Using** aoo, lBM>ft h® MieetSd to MPtitl &* 

the case of a jtid&tctti 0 ; 4 giiuOXy i># repetition ni£;nt rafiae 
it to tii- oenwet one, w os* c, and thu& artificially cto- 
<3®©2j}0 the itea fcolow tailed it r ?ould ho if $>*Q had no <ii€£ 4 — 
odge of pmvtm trlalr.j or, h*>? a given interval 

had bemi mt ed before, lf>-0 nl^t alio*/ Maeel* i^sroly to re¬ 
peat the gap*. ,jud®ienk in later aatlmtoe, lnutcad of mlclag 
a fro; v and oarerful scrutiny cash the; or, convex-ly, to 
avoid oMtewloa repetition, £~© ni^it tend to switch, arbi¬ 
trarily, fsroai on® fwspflBt to another in sfwooeeetve trini#, 
to aiteswar fchto tuition, rttiUfc is fv?aa»4*tal f« tho vertH of 
cm data and the wixw of <w r-.cnilte, a mmmtul mmw of 
tho iwteriex on «wtoh twf «ni* ratine* or® tweed iwe aeiie* 





fho roafcOta of ttiia uiwr^ exhibited in the follow 
1 nc * M ftwup wi " 

oIcjb of right Judfivnto In the: four ^woooalve trial® of each 
iserto m 9 it all temper utiiro8 9 are eboun In ft&lc XX* und th© 

INK) vaXtHso for MW In fttt* £§ Shocso flcsonMi 

flow for HMU> wa<on: If XNi haa any feftifMr to 

refine or iHpwfe hie later Ji*lfiK.fita m a p&cmlt of having 
ao:*pflwjd ih© ,1aaw* n ntttfcor of tixaco before, It no? ho or- 
pootod to ockorflB eltli r a on iacrecuMl of rl4$xt§ or aa a do* 
aroao® of wrong, Jud^jitoj if thoro 1- a iendavsy to ecus on- 
sate, tho opposite effect my ffto* apjwwr* If the' prqpap 
oosuaMc*:i of the -o v: .ta, «u:x\*fore, rev. r la attfiifioant or m- 
iftei ahanrHi ftea earlier to later trial » ?© nay aeame that 
owac each tendon^ hr* boon operative i on 'ho other han l, If 
neither of thooo t-ro criteria mm bo mdo to yield <jvt& nm of 
ouch unlfoisi* or oignKlotait civ owe, < arc then* in tho 
••ritexp* opinion, ntlt ,od to daw are. oppr ciafcii In:flu no© 
t%) 0 » oar d fa froa thin aouroe* 

Other variables, woh ao tho tlwo-s^aoe order, al >c af¬ 
fect the w&m of f|#l nd tf*«t$$ ^tfvnta; taw* day the*® 
flnux'oa eon logittaatoly bo ogmP'&cmI in then© fUtirea 

are oonofa.at. Hie ntatun c '* the v Xuas a».«s*>lftd In Sables 
XX and x f ritJi reference t ah other, i- ao follovr.-,: ;i) fho 
four ^.icooi salve fignroo in say rosr of any ; -orloa are baood on 
strictly tnlfcwi condition,, eaoept fwt f' o order in ' hi oh, 
they otnnfi. l.’©r Qr.ac$>l©* section A 1# X* the fr< a ; v\ y 
O * ..’1 ' ' * ■: .its in t: e fo tp . a-; :■ ■ ivt >*■:. : • •'•» 

0^9 f o # 5g f o # 69 1 ttvoao are directly oojEgxxrabl' in all rocrootaf 
















. 


. 

. 

- 

* < 


•• 

- 









•51- 


Utotm t< 


::tl>Xoa IX and X 


NNU 


13 d^sifriod to nh 


olea of Rl$vfc 3u for 

«»in*4r«i i<vf. 'ill f. •' 


k 


the man 

y*usp ausossolvo trial..» to ondh 

sartcc at all ttMcarntaxwo ftaap lit h linens are used In ojj 
atu* By a •rltfit* judau nt la mxint one t 

« * ■ - *<*#«!' 

• . 


•~n an \ft«»«oon four f*0l aortal n i»B| ocm&etod® 

hero xnrpr, > id - ■ by , , , •*«.• . 

";r vned into throe elections* thorns above £3°, "ho;, b lev; V. :>* § 
and £>a® it. If* 7ho lot/’ orn A a , A®, and o on, dtottoiyitoh 
&e amtloni ■ tawna# and orrisparlfjniu 

in ooverto/: a series, two 3 arc would first he oonpnred to 
one r<jni or, ^ay 7 > - 5* ; nd ;oon . fter In th >cvcroe or'or, 

5 - ^* m fto’.t or ’wlGtonl* order to * Into tad to section* 
A , o , xml C Xf mt 1 . :^xio-to«r; or troverdo* order to A®, 

X3 fi , and 0®* A oasT-Xt- on of A a with A®, and r;o on, 7X11 
tma reveal whether the oontootnMi reverse jud^ont* 

Consider section A, # 16®, txoro 0*[l r?:’e:r In TO first 

o'x-urn of -.series . r ’ ■■ Atoiinr of n n*o - f rK, 

H 5 jir ®f *)v in tew is had an vat been cscnnlnod b«fw< ; 

©«» t>'r- ‘Unrxn paginations ?mo, of aaurae® oonpared for the 
•-to * * t; lit .a •i- ■ :. Of the e 1;. I- , •‘•tavlnr: ju ,v n*o in 

oerloo I of oudt aa , ' - e -hoi. *to devoted to 16®, 

0*71 vmm n 

a fourth tins* *; * xt, 

ii-.ilo ’in- irltdto 1 15 ntoutoo fanifoiaxdly, hen; a -1th . /A 

•: t, -•■ n a nh to i # 57, -,o e*u ‘ » 

In eoSh onoe. folio ; directly tpn the originals TO n to TO 
. art & 6 , iu«, 0.50 of ...S- 

jSmbS*. directly after 0.71 ; 

;*>; above f iVc 0.^ rtoht, and o on* 


the nooJtB of 
10 -or right 


The Inst jaw® to A at A®, <?i# and 0 at nlva 
the four values directly above; the fftaOHi in the lover rigm* 
WW# of .; 3h 3dCtir4Wv;ri;di 1 th tmxn of fill VfllUOJ 

.. to A,, Xf 0*61 In the noon of the 16 individual 

■' ? . J 

thn wro or th< •orlrfiml* values to Ai, B if and 0i| A| of 
t' {•; •rr^vcrriG* v-'.lues to A®, uu n* • •• 

tho:ie vuluoa mm oalauHitod by the wma foruula: 


r z <t» i t 

jj'HnvVTj 


<7^0 oTtosj- rlfjjtt Vv.* ■ ; n: to Z- , :-.d,' lie C *• *i 

* . ') to B|, I) As a general uoan derived frou the fbu* 





- 1 , 1 - 




















. 


' 








■ 














'iX’M . WaGS vaC/-' ■■■ 

* 
























flftft In tl • *i£ht of tJi© 

oE'V-o a *: tho n& n *r>t* oh novttm an a • hoi-- ; it X ■ derived 

. • . 

fttr Cuom c -•r -1 . - un .- : tfc»iar«t b : ; ilio foaittln: 


♦ .* R t 




*** • ^ 


.: ^Jlt! bn not d, Iji •••■. .•;. dir. rt ’ou/ut- 'Ion of . . '-'soil 
the ooqponmt v; Xnca of the mem -,1X1 -cwn >ttnao fllve a fimm 


• ■ • 

tcsrvtiXs nre calttM fra the triMM for the afcmaom that the 
oaly flUf'^TJont th t r.n be -io:n:d.dirlfht hero to D t both 
G :;V d b -In Entire three ft0JJ*ea arc* mot otaribitly 

oc&iEKsmble srttb the - thoao* 

Ww above note ■ aJLro to Table X, dvicb crdilblto the 

ul^cnta in the mm wy# 











































■ 



















* 




* 


» 























•• 






Ufe 

u 




























- 

- 


















- 

f 


* 


. 


i. it 














, 



































y 


























VAI&T. IX 


Me-'in Pxreqti stolen of Rl$it 3wl$Mntu 


Qm&m _I. j 

arot’p 

VQ1V*/ 

c :i 

avoiw 

Av 

> 

i_“_ 

ao® 0.66 o. M 0.73 #«75 

.Vi . . . 6 

,: 0 ® . . . ■- 


. 3 0.64 0.76 0 ..J 3 

0. a 7 .<>< .60 

.'. ! 0. 

.. t «lA- 


- 

’ *A 

i •£• 

. * i * - 

1 

‘ . • • h 7 - ... 

0,1 15 

. e; 

* * ■ o, 

• . JL * . *• ~<l • .. 'A 

0.62 

, . 

Aa 

^ .i : .0 

. . '!• 0.30 0.6J 

;: ” .63 0. . ) 1. 9 . il 

6 ..... . ; . . 


. «' . 7 : .1 .70 

0. 7 0.7!;- 0.74 . .1 

. .71 o.Ti 0.1,3 

f.,... ... , aILJP, , _ 


•a, • • ■ • • 

Ufa _ .PSX .0B6 .976 ,<*$ 

• r. 

. . It . , ; 

♦ . 'HO ,00f . :I 

0, f) 

»! 

0 .7 c. a . 7 0.7; 

. 0.J0. .! .7;. 


. C.i'r . ; . 

. ♦ ' 0. 




. i 3 

* &*; 


o .73 

.031 

Ba 

■ . . a ,;a . ;; 

• I >*<& 0. 


•1 

• ..... . ......u. ..... 




. !•';■ 

.... :I - 

... 

VD 

. -~7 
































11 


For B mJ\ So^lori at ?>rv*\ f«3B^€wmt«t© 


Iff , .'■•• 


VWOMJP c 

.. . xt ASLseaaJ 

•oncwal 

aassas. 

o.?,: ,55 o,66 o.si 


, ,;■ ),6;* 0,69 .01 



. , o, ; o.6i o,6i 


. . *2 . 



. a o.7 0.71 o.57 


.75 0.75 : .73 .oo 



o*91 0.7- 0.*63 


0.66 0.32 0.75 1A 



o.6o o.6,0 0. 1 0.u6 

.6; 

0.6* 0.74 0.66 0.30 

o.71 

. . 

,044 ,09a ,0pl . 112 

.029 

x * . I* ... • 


0.014 

. '>7 o.7 o. 3 0.71 


0,69 ; .! 0 0,*K O.on 



0,6; o.6i o.Tpi 0,65 


• 



. . . 


, J 0, . . . « 



0.02 0.4 ■ 0.1 5 0.91 


, : a , ., / 



0.66 0.62 0.66 0.76 

o,6a 

o # , {6 0,67 a,73 

. 

O.t 93 

r 06S -CM .on,' 


■. • •. . * 

.-vM 


0J\1 0,71 0,71 






, 


. 

. 


. , 


. . 

* 

ftj» OJM 0,47 0, 5 >9 


o.Si.ML *£. • . 




o.iv7 


* 

0. 





























































































. 




















. < , • . •« 
























4 








J . . 














































































































































































































. 




- 


* 


' 










, > 


* 


. 


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t 




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•* 






















* 


* 








• 

. 

. 


* 

V 

* 

* 


■ • 

* 


*%., 

* 

. 




- 



















» 






1 




. 


* 4 






% 


* 








. 



- 


- 






. 




til 

























TfiM IX (Coirtiitmx!) 


SCTloo ...I« 

QBO&& 


01 * 01 $) 
Av :*• ,;:q.. 

c» 

. . 

■V" . . .59 

...A ... 


. . 

..■7 .71 .71 .&i 

. a . . 7 . 

. 


•c, ..... 

. ... . . . 

0,6 1 

.... . r >; 

. .'»7 

, . .A 7 • 

. 

o. 

o.a 0.^3 o »96 0.69 

. . 

; j 5° .-7 .67 '•■■■7 .55 

Hi' . ... . • 


. . . 

. . . . 

. 

. . . 


r *( 

• • 

Qmei 

( i) 

Ocna 

Ueai 

l e) 

. 

, 

0.67 

.027 

.. .71 0.67 .64- 

... ... • , 

. 

. 

mi 

.9 .. ; . 

i 

. 

. . 

. . . . 

. . 

* 

« 

ml 

l 

... . • ....... 

. 

. ...A., 

. . . 

. 

~*.7A 



















- 56 - 


TABIiE XX (Gontln iod) 


111 A 

damp 

iresnute 

Xasretf* 

mm&L. 

JtmcsrtiX 

isramm. 

..70.77 .7X o.^5 

o *79 o ,09 0. ,) 0.39 

. 

. • SU 


0.60 . .70 .7. 

. . . 0.55 . 

. : 0.91 1). .1 .71 



. 5.76 0.71 . 

.0117 » 0-'.-7 *070 . . I 

. 

.031 

, 

. . . 

. ?«• 

. 

. 

. o,. 5 .610,71 

. . 

. . . 

0.60 0. . ,J6 


. :.: 0.90 C.7'0 0. If. 

. 

. . 

0, L£*, ... 



. 

• wfi .0: : .01,5 . a 

. 

... 

....... . 

. ■ 

. 

. 

. 

. .7 

* 

* 

*oaa 

. .70 0.63 .77 

- . .qy ♦ . . 

. 

. 

.&aaL 

0.6:: 0.1:9 0.6I 0.71 

-0M. .Ova .01*. *033 

. 

„ , (6 < • • 'V 

.• • 

0. f 3. 

. 






















5 





* 





. 

. > , « • * 






1 .... 






• / - 

lj< ; - 4 4 




- 













































* b 


*• 








• »r 


■ ' ' 

. 


. 

- 

' 

> \ * * 





•’ 








« i 




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h 










U 




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i 




. 




































'A*; x 



Ho. ix Vazomtagd FmvpM-n&l 


oo 


©f \7xong Judmcnta 


smk 

HL .-.X. 

fwa 

II 

"3 *f~: 5£ 

Ax 

° • .:. . . -’3 ( . 3 

° . . ■ . 1 ; .OJ 

ir)° .a: o. : o.x4 o.ic 

■. c . <. o. .• # 

% 

* 

.. 0 * .03 

• 

^kL_ . . .7 . 


•fi 

P«Bi 

, . 

•.. . .... • •.»..>.• "j 

0.095 

.03,1 

. . V .;.: 

. . 

.020 

SI 

«t 

. . . , ; 

.1 * . . } . 7 o. >i. 

s . . . .u 

» . . . . 

* 

, . . 

o.-:y) .09 . ,■ . - 

.: .00 . 5 

. 


? r 

*P 

I.;'. 

k . . ’ ' . 

.- .* - • A • ; . ... a 

. 7 

. C.3i, 0.1J. .: , 

.... AL... ... i . 

. 9 

. a 

(1) 

(d 

n >• 

•* • ' «> 

i° . : . ; . . 

t l K . . . il. 


. . 1 0.1) •'. 

. 



« 

. . 


A> H 7 

b » 

. .xo o. ;i 

... 1 . . 1 A ... • 


• . ; *10 * 

. 0 C.(5. JO 0.17 



• 

.a; 

..... . 

. *‘-6 

. J..3IL. 



































- 5 & 


■pa** 


vjmn x 

Tot m&i GcntfLea at Safc*jpc33*atnrc 



ororip 

\pro*$} 

SaicraX 

-.XII 


. 3..: . . Att 


Lv .awi^wi 

'. 16 0,11 0,01 0.03 


- •• , ?0 



• 0*13 0.X3 0,03 


0,00 0,13 0,13 0,1:3 



■♦I-- , :• 0, )0 


,00 0.00 0,00 0,00 



0.00 0.00 a.oo 0.0 : 


• 



4 0* ) , '. 

o*a63 

c # o-o 0.03 0, m 0, 9 

. > 

0,003 

. . 39 . . :.9 

.0x3 

... ii 

.020 

0,009 

o. 13 o. 3 .oo o.oo 


. O 0,13 C,:»3 , 0 



0.09 o.i'f o.i» M9 


. ■ 0,00 0.00 0.00 



;.i,: o. :■ 9.16 


o.og 0.00 0.00 0,00 



,.]J p.oo . 


o,:- n.'' ' 



0,01 3 0.07 0.06 

v- < > 

3 ,na 0. 3 0.0: .■ . 

0.09 

. 

.O'f .Ota .fM .079 

. 19 

... • . ,. A 5 .. : 

„..ai 

-AkjpL,. 

, 0.. 0,1 : 


,1C 0.10 0,1- . 0 






. 

0.0(5 


. ! 



s^ 

0.00 0.12 0.06 0.00 


few 0..0.3 0.00. fUBL, 




0.0S.5 


, 

0.03a 





0,010 







































































■ 





































































5 ' 




V 




; > 




fr • . _ . _ __ 

- 






♦ 










































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•• 

* 

» V 















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( 

» 


. : ' • ». *> . 









*• 


s 

• I - Vi;-. 


















tom x (Oontiaww) 


8<asUaa _ _ 1 __ _J 

CkKVHfr 

^paras 

L . n .... rn - T 

Ijtteasryafr 


0.19 .11 0*36 0.32 


0.00 0*00 0*0?" . 



. 


.19 Vi. > . 



. : 0.13 ' ,13 . ' 


. . . ' ... . ■ 



"12** 0 a GjO . 0- OD €L:CO 


...... v 


«*c 

O.U O.fiif O.J,3 0.1:* 

0.W 

. ' .. ■ 0 . e 0. r 

■. ^ 

• « 

.0»‘-c . . . 


a^jw2J .*... -H 

usa. 


r ' . . . . : o 


... . x O m c : 



...3 .:*. > .35 0*3.3 


.10 0*00 . >0 . :o 



36* .-)? 0.07 0.07 0.07 


. ft i 1 g.x , - # o6 



3 ! -'° "w. • . 


■A-6a59Aac... i . 


«* 

. •. ; 0 «X > c; # 

7 . 

<P 

|! 

<1. .no 0 . "6 I'.IX 

5, 

I'.B. .......ri’ 

,4? 

.o«? .»oc^ 

-.«■&!. 





•n;.. . . • 

0 . 09 S 

O*0tf C*lii 0*10 0*07 

0. V; 

(Li) 




*>£< 

. aeus^uge 


a; 






Metis 

i . *2 .09 0.00 0«06 

0 . 0^9 

♦10 C. X, .„ , ’ 

0.079 

(Pa) 




_Jl~... t<i~*. (—*.iliA. 


.• : V ■•.*.** • * 

. 

















- 60 — 


t imntiMv&d) 


rrtr ^ . _ .XXI. _ A \ 


V 5 -* 01 ^ B 

_ i¥ _ Astmm t ) 

■cnrtjrl 

• • «• 

♦ 1.1 .11 < .0$ 0.1 

♦ ( .00 0*10 0.0;; 

• • * « 


pi . . 

.1;" 0, - .1, .1 

0. ; 0. . . 

■ •’JV •• 



0.04 0.06 0.03 0.11 

_*■; .1 • -!3 +QXi .^Q 

0.079 

,om 

0. 0.09 0.€;; .10 

.0, 0 A <* . . ^^3 

0.06J 

.017 

« '-3 

: ♦ ■ 0.16 .Xu 0.26 

O.n 0.16 0.XX 0.00 

0.0; 0.0 0.0 > 0.0;: 

* . * >: o 


.10 { . 0 0.10 - .10 

0.0; 0.00 G.00 0.00 

* 

0 19 0 19 0 1 0 07 



. .11 0.01 .10 

* 

0*093 

.10 . . , • 

■ * i - 

, *Q1.7 

0 fl&H 

• 

0.0ft- 3,07 0.03 0.09 

. • M * 2 H * 

. • . 

* * * * ' 


i 

* - 

.1 *7 0. / 

♦ T 02i *cxr> .oio 

1 M 

i_2—1 

♦ 

.4^ Vi ■JKLWBa^gk 

. -.ill 

• 

* 





































. 

• r *. 

* i* * 




> * 












aavo *br the jwrieiMU effect of ppocodJLng taficiltj. She acane 
Ifi tanks of the four oolirn-neiina In m aoctioiv-oorles of the 
tole, £) T/hn co^arto ©riftneJi with the next folXoxrmg 
revere© fregttan io» (for oanrr^lc, In A s tmi A fii X f £**% ffcttit 
oolirm* th< fi^iroo !> # 6a and 0*65; ) t v?g rw.it. no to a) that 
tilts si'.'iifio-Mv .‘-sloe revenseo; and b) that the ataaidard ( 8 ) 
ana cttsorirlactt (J) Jam are Interne-cured* For oxorrlc, if t 
In the original awariaon* w follow the order 1 - v , 9 3ar 1 
belru: S mid 2 being <1, m have, In the rovereo proeadnro, 
turn order 2-1, being i nd l hoiiv f* She 

tii-»--ora<:r to remina conn tout Itoowhoiit the oarlea in ro* 
la ' ion to s t but ’70 actually «m$pare the anm Jora, by the to 
rooexturou, in crvioaod tiao-or ore. In nasal, thane orders 
mnam Haw eppoaod constant eorrovst eiiloh nould affect the nun- 
bor of rinht jutln* nta. Shone vnluoo cannot properly 

he terrored. 3) She statsu of miaoesnlv- a<.rico in. t- o cone 
ocotlon (©.*%, A»t 2 nnci II f the value® 0 # 6 fi end 0 * 69 ) am 
mt cottariblOf nlinoe the e:i filiation of-tine* nd ^r-aeo-ord- 
e*», a* weal no the xatfeaw of ©asaa f*eu each ranter, vary frea 
rvnQ to the next In to table; ov si r r.u#i t m above in- 

atcutoo, tlv.-y arc e^nniant rtt’-iji the aa ■>. n...r . ) F-r*r 

to mm reason, aa in 3), vrJiuea «**» dftftoMKt ta^eratures 
(o.r#t A* :•.• <h ) n 7 not be rap /eat’, 

m Sal 108 XI oral XII t» mm^firlaod to principal 
evtdavio, th t can be loaned fseem Sables IX «nd X t ohich 

* •■; . 1 .7 ,Ua;U«i: 1 ; ■ ' Wc l .ir ‘ i/T- 8 * 

uaig^gi in direction or utodfleicit in etao f corXier to 
'Xator famuensitt In to •mae aerie©? 








, ■ 


•' ’ ’ ' 4 

■ 









: 






- 

'dH 

. 

,. , 

. 


TABUS XI 


Trtblo of *> t rtaa Ohcmg&s 
Between mxy 7 ??o Ad^&eent GoXun*Wft£iJEU 3 
(&$tB Sootlon find £i<xl v 1c*o {Pnoii S’nb-Xoo XX Olid X ) 



I 1 

w. 


netmi m -Tatoie 
tnvViv tse nnc 
xx (ni$vto) mi x 

80 JJQ aatftf that oqitiXu O 
luport of tSMi values mX 
XX, cotton Ac, t/e finf 
Keotlon-ii rioo« X" 
ncrtt foiloving 1» 


‘oaorded the laargeot ofcanno, tooth 

J *»<1 111 iWW OOQtlMl of MMl 

tfxih m \rc.U C«i oveagy g>uaano> :tor the 
^o'-OB-'da a ’,r^ rs ‘ aartvatlon caul 
on .*ii r-:vr.|a«? In T 
in «><>. lorioot ;*?w« 4 eeXtssMao^ in 

"•' earrr-J?e ©iirih jaw*« tilth the OHO 


.to seytea, ‘.70 hafe th Ae» 


X, thcoo 

* 0.05 

to 


: H&To.£ to0,n*0^ €0.70 to 0*71* - o. 
( ;. ■• > 0.^2); tlio no:*;t oorloo toctftns Jith ♦ « 

1 :•«--> r.o 12 ■•>■■ n/o.. In -'••■ ■-•■;■ 1 * 

tWVmtoi doormat. m pomstoA in. *te p^ r *^ 

* 0 # 09 (I * •** SSJHSr ** TO 


r/e find, hero ■ i ■ • •• ’< • - c 

tont, 

!). 


\ JL> • v_ , 

SToMu 0 *fK oISd'Skua i* trm tto «tJw 

’ * : - ? - 

■/no - **iru t rl'ic, ch* •*•«* W5B 

stance 1 - glwu 

H mUro-owna wo ?<*»*’ iw Bx and n«, <*&«*> ox* 
thiaMftn* oulttad f»» «w tabulation.. 






























- 






*• T *r ** , ■ . .... ~wt 






- r - * *_ -jl i 

. * . , ■ • 

.. . 






. . . 






r.jt . . . . 

■V- . - 4 ' . 


. 1 . 


; 1 . 

. 

- V ' * I , 


, , : : . 





■V 

* 

















;o tm to Sable xii: mo * hX in ol»o called fmm 
Sdbloa IX tm\ Xi l 4 - io de >toiert t-. crJiibit the aflttjg of 
ohancsKi - poaltm, ni' " J tvo and wo - tr-f oocit? rxr-n ono 
or.luon to tlie no::t within tlu> oono Emotion and aorion # without 
apof^aioo to tiio alfc of thoa* fshansoa* 


$© mderetond the; origin of ihcae flguraa 9 conoidea? ”dblo 

find tm in'W*. tic t: •'■ ■ rd':.ro of rir$&t Judrj'iatf ; ‘ til© 

- eaipM’l.‘on@ to * • '*.• V>* ^ : ! -V"! 

fi son ao^.nd to thtwi (o*^ to ,]! ), and no cduatp f^ : n thtoi to 
f^uee-th (o. 7 i mil Q*ii )• 

tho proaan* table under Part X, Kl&itot X| Aj} on<^ ^ ™ of 
tli.-- ooluuaa ♦ , * ~ f If wo no:? a?o c:> • vc^aiy .^ 'gU* 

all that folio-; it within tfco nans nerioa 4 of jmXy tL© 

fe H , -o nn&, tn A , i, 20*. fr;< lncronnoo ( 0 .«f*> f « 75 ) 

and on liqwiw . . ;. 

fMve« ihio nothod ea^ jw yiolila Xu 

ghaib'OQ an bc^ioj go that- in Port I* A* ♦ m ♦^ 

(13 Xeisj t 3 nor-, I 1 - nmuaj. |n .. .ot. XX* ~ 6 v { - tl 

1 " 2 in*B 1f ! > in C A - the pluo . ho *1spi3 tmme in the 

. mid ?• 30 f with . a V: Of 0 .»di and 
§J}5» ponpootiv a ^ Eho dif ) ' la v . s 

St tn e.d, 5 of r \<$2 (la *1 

She fl^)8 macr »tlinhto» aim «*ou W XX f fftoa© undav 
*": iv.jign 1 *'\* •; < ( .”. .M- -U 






Successive Changes in Por ontapo—FroQt^mcy 
Within tha Sana Carlos {TWft Tables IX and X) 


















































































* 






• * ' 










. 




















* 


- ‘ ' 

- 

* 











































X 

ft 

*3 


< 

l 










65 - 



\ 


g.ittm 
















































































<3 


1 


g 


o 


M 

M 

X 


I 


e* 







































































































«»u j** 


m Table XI are recorded. the naxJxial <jlvm^o» to bo 
f^imd III each of the o?om>a of dab-, aK^nsescntedf n» as 
.every change, for ihoeo aam data, which equal** ox exceeds 
a <MU* if t?o now arouuo that any Oifftonoe equal t - or <x:~ 

*£wo &,£*, which equal:;; about throe p*c* f Is vi 
«s the lowest acceptable criterion of ; l&ilfiount vuluej oeaum*- 
citlvc worfcom equally toroid a higher ttgaro* 

••• -xv': - loo ito a.d. 1 , 1 i .:lf 5 . \.v % ; x. .t once, 

ftfoo tula tabulation, -vj mny al^Lfteimt change© occitr t$»nc 
all the g ii awb li tom® Cft and x# itonra 

or theco actual <$xxum in Table XX (ni^ito) tmd ?2 in Table 
X (Wrongs* )| 12 ft'-;.' e r-X of tin;, oix aoetlxa. included in Table 
XI. out of thi . mwber jo find otoilftcant once x the fbl- 
lx*3ring extent: 



lluuhcr of 




Ohnngoe Xncreaaee Percent 

Booronooo 

Percent 

RlCjhto, 

72 1 !•* 


2 .S 

Wrongs > 

72 0 o.o 

1 

l.*fr 


it vriii be noted the* thr^e Right® :nd one wrong are olcnl£l~ 
e&nlj® t h tf percent for each category, fro© 0,0 to 


ext will be replied that 
ae occur £T?sa any nc.ei to the 
Trblo IX, A lf I, «*** 


thou© change include way cmch 
one neat Elbowing In a cerlao, 
the ik) xi \ o.6f, o,70# 0,*$, 0 # o5» 
increases* if wc now 

• . t 0 m ■'* •. e, 

tIfck ~ _ dhanctoi Instead of 

; •: la, 2 ftfc In all for both ri ; 'xul 

. It la of in 4 it* tael x a 

chanson, •'■ ft exactly the w --rcentoge x' r> oaecr In each 
or t:sc. four euiegortea an urc find In *?■• ‘abl above. 



to h. , in brief, t . . fl;voa, .. f : 1) a very ujqII pev- 
oentaao of oignifiemit ch-.nr.ee; 8 ) In both ni^vt; vid tiling* 































'• - 1 T 













tv® ’doornosaa* hnvo a nll$it what cwl&miial 

v.-iXtio thin Ms would 00:11 f •: bi In the normative; for the roa-» 
son that a fftvan tendency, operating two f&otrrn, Bights 
and Wmga, v*boa© fro ^oneieo tend rmi$ay to ?%w and fall 
taveraoly, would hirclly show 1>oth of thens 1ft the fame Oireo- 
tloni 1 3) in thus Ei$ita, ai^ifioeftt chmges In both direo- 

*A tondcno-- to give nore XHSudtfiait* toward this cloo© of 
a series would Indeed have thin offset, raid would pwaupably 
be doused by fhtlgi^o md dooiHdtfjo of inf. oarer;* Ql . 

but the -^vg) omlo antnce la :s> vary alight m to sc n r-t no sig- 
nlfie 2i • 

tlons agppeorj thee* could lordly bot' bo due t the action of 
a acrwon factor $ J >) tlo fhot id only amooaee occur in 
the Wrcnas night bo tt coopted an ootabliiihiiif the presence of a 
tendency to refine and Imps:* vc the later ^ud^jcaita of a ccriee, 
wm net the &a*t»er of these decreases fmto negligible. in 
abort, the writer believes that no evident of any const uiont 
or aifiilficant influxes <xm bo derived fron the data of 
Stable XX* 

Wo turn now to ?<Me XXX, tMdh ecchlblta the mgflxnfr of 
dhengea « ?*>aittvo, normtlfo imd wn - fWco one ooliisn tr the 
next in the ©trie series; with no reference to the oiysg, 

V ,, ,ti * The quest ion to bo by this ooURtion 

of :riviroo nvr 1>C r.V.t^a "sue* I- w. find r;i‘3ftiflariit dlffbr- 
cnee bet?7eeft the number of plus anti itiHtsiJ so wo follow 

the successive pofoaxAcioef of a series, f*Kti no would prow a 
tcmdajioy fox* later jjudffionto to booone norc or loon accurate 
t ,n tho v'.i'llj *? Por cacorr'le, fable XX, As, XxX, t'---.’ 







-69- 


the aooojrul £9% wj ftml tho rlcJht $u1ft ttita, In the four rmo~ 
•IHWtvo tefcaa of that ao;dU» f to equal: C 0 U>9 0 0*6J t O 0 6f $ 

<'■• v;c h.,vo Iksx tuo..\nao f 'U a no f u anotlico? 

liloroQo©^ oo that tho final act or jitaoucnto io oief, lastly 
rio^o mean*. it# ttotH the fUR>t« ’lay *e o::. cot frow tho data as 
a tftioic s$a.io walft-sr. tmomirr of this aort *>a* later outtaitoo 
to boc/cso jkhpo (or loan) mroott fllnrionaly, a Dicsnifloant 
; rcpcsido.*?r«oe Of poottlve or an. va -roiaa fct'Iy, in the mac of 
that the later judGuonto vrore noire aoenwate* vftllo ea 

. •. ;; 0 ’ • = -r .... •. ■ -. .;>•• - V ?;: •• - , 

In frfcle xxi f the reader In : !:<*?. to no; ,td.r t: o di f'". .ynas ft 
••••cV.- ' '•:'■• 1'*;:» and xstsun otuaigMI In ea<& tMgr&Mt* 

Host those difftycnooa are dotexninod la explained In the note© 


to tZ\< tvbl:. , ; ice If ;/o no;r rseonlno then- In -art I ao 

find, .iiccid f "-v; Hicftt®* none tSrt uoot our criterion of n%&~ 
nifleonee (jDtffhraic© =* & s^#xft£r<3r«**a©li the 
- a&o 6 £, vm find tliroos SootIona H- ami Scrleo I, 0 # 6o 
(S,B. « 0 , 30 ), Sceico II, 0 # 60 (S*£. « 0*26), Seyloo III, 
o ,66 (s*B* ** 0.&J). in U 0 ft II, :. :o 66 , •: find, :.t;rta, 

Scarlo a X, I#3® (S*B* Gorloa IXX, i* / •■* {■* 

■. , •.-•It.a IIX, 1.7 . - * )• 6: ' f:'UiS 


ninhta vrmiw 

hum r -.j^ :Ma lam .Jam 

port i, , 0 0 1 a 

Poaft U, 1 1 1 0 

fiw«» r< • '< * 

1) If tlwwo i» a jroaX Vmcuwy for judojonte to beef#* uoro 









-70- 

{on If n) v/'-mzffrxtc cm n nc rioo pyof ■ !rs f -to nt/jht , to : :• tow XL, 
orroct it to r.pp®rgp to boto ;ittta| that ia f by - ittosr netood 
of* tabulation, Horo f an t: u contrary, in only eno case cl^ uo 
ftod tho osrre moTMii^ vatae to too otto Kart toaw csmvfc to 

be ©i^iificttiii {ifronga, xxi)j to tho rarlniru; foiu* thin la 

not trti * 

2) ::©■ mtfoaa tcndo**? oan be dcVoto* * ;-nsr point# Pino 

Ml atous mre to exeoata j ;. •«*, £»# both ftoht:; nnd 

v/l*'--nr •• Pbo fif fycto to OV.Jl.L r toaroaoQ 

»<»;? the plus mti nov? the ntoua cter«i& f to both aid 

n~s t .iitoU tend to vasr/ lnvornav- * A doowiao to tha nun- 
bey o:f I)«d sight indeed ha^o an effect or toi - . so»t imuca? 
detain : Dibit.' oonUitto; ; or too cota-eit ; tta nuO 3) 
be to- « 

3) to tot II, ik.vtou m f tl e i lit:. i - cn c <iotx!» by X*7£ to 

both lii^fcto and Vfteaga* 0 rdin;.^ily, IT toouo na 3 ?cto> or $*» 
ooaa aw due to a ecqpon cnu,a f it adc not’ bino both nights 
and Uron&a in toe aanc atocotici). Sorcv'. a to 2} -abovo f 
a iirare&an to the ftrojuexicqr of % undo* o*gptaJUi oocuiltjUM 
of the tuwa the effort of xnwdaotne JK>ro 

flfconiss in toe orlgiiax aaqpaxtoona and nor© B&dita anony the 
oorro^ondtog 3,vva*«cj o.a vt 'tod to those two values t&ctu the 
oouc umim $ IIX# Wo night thus be toeltood to &eounc f taw 

and to Zi$ & decline to £*» :$Ki thereby a pso^ooaivo safltMK 
ucmt of $*tgto£ on the notion rrocoodn, Such on Uifenenec 
bog:.li unta\abXo # toawvcv, bee&up© the gohornl trend to the re- 

. .aininy ocrioa f if ua tota too oxt?< a;? t; v / , to 

t *jue t the i^'vex-ao - the doofoancjo ps?ottmtoato. r&ttoe& otjrlKtogly 



■ ' • : 

• -y 

< •' 

1 


5 

« 

. 












. 



- 71 - 


in both fights and Wvonan; th t la # the XH1u$&mta tend to 

a lUrtlr m ts v, aortas pxooectfe* or 'idor thi;i tt£Oe 


Sxoooa «f znayease*, 
Esooe # of 2 ereaaoa, 
spa 


rro?i I art IX 

Etahtp xr&'firsi Rjffitu ffroiyat 

2 112 

4 6 6 6 

2 110 


Xt trill be noted t ; it the ineswenoa run tsilib-'s&y htrhor, in 
both Kinhto and Wrongs* *rho ix&ovt cthen© figures should 
not be overrated, alsiee noot of* the dlfrcrriioro arc not in 
thoasdivec oi/siifioant, yet their oc uion trend tfoultl certainly 
aJuKT that -to amot aontvic, few the kioc rbove, the vraoenao 
t# anyth: nnod tendons# w© my 

eonalt*d© # in o' rt, that the table ywenln no yeottive avl- 
deno© of eny significant tondencry for eitlw pins or ul n ae 
chan; :eo to pyftrtarjtt»t.c; ;" . -.3 ar-uid noiiially follow Voa the 

motion of a ooiyym, and o<*» latent, omwcl footer* 

On ti’3 ix.ioi5 of the evidence above dtoO, the witer be¬ 
lieves ve my with senfldmoe oaeevft that the? pqytimlar fbssa 
or ; reoef teo, hero under erntration, Inters VAad into oig? data 
no err ore of eonolnt direction or »i':niflQ ni «i::< * 

fhroo ecanslckwtlonc, bearing on the q cation, my her© 
bo adduced tc ;iho ■ idly small an in: ,rmmoo mm not to be awaited. 
1) Aa previously elaljor^tefl, th terr v .matures often roae or 
fell, bottom taieeennive ebedsa* by on or uore Imndrodtlis; the 
interval* between then were thus oo&reupttidtadZy altered in 
the ooitr»*o of an affcoaniocfu itai f -> $-0 was vtc-II av/aro that 


















,■ . ' •• • i" I 


no rjc m repetition of earlier however oexefully 

mdo, cjoulti »uot tho situation; a freoto and ©arefUI scrutiny 
m mmtmtiy in iMu Mu would n ' apply 

to eerie© i’iepGMtild to on hater or bo, rather than to repeated 
a 1» the seme oades« e) *a»c constant errors involved 
ia the qpaoo- and especially the tinc^rders msat also to® 
noted ru .xi, if is; n.. or<te (s rMftc&nc J) J sn nod 
corner, In t f q rovers® order (J - C) 53, instead of cooler* 
atufci also too rated nwwaf, depending iron tha ctrnt and &1- 

Motion of th* ooastasvt error, inoe tut fiwifrt ©f tnaui towt- 

ancy o wholly unteionn to »~g # Stoll® the direction <xnad only 
too guessed at, jud&xait In opposed tlrxu-orcicra ma noooamaaKUy 
independent* ftoe .n.v was true, In u alloy d.-.preo, of r©~ 
varo® apaocMwam, 3 ) It Must too noted, ftas01y 9 ttout a 
atwoful end e;r oricsicod 0 ia lean open to tolas in a situa¬ 
tion Of r i hind tli n nifpt too r.mltwU IW? tor; ;:•. : . 0^0 as- 
ataod a given joy to too mmws? f na the uer® fiat that too toad 
00 ;»itod It once before, Tto® pro ••••Aline jtt&piosfte, uo far as 
tiny mx to nto- ! at ail, aoyvsd rati - r a;; a totml of bypath®* 
oio to toe to;tod end i?<3amtlnlsod; -vi ftttuds tenor Mi- .: was 
•ssanli oriucmtiil, nojv-cwxxjittui; tfcsymy toss© tosoti 
ooar^oet, tout, a fro. to iMUlltatdich ni;;tot xroU 1 turn cut ottoeyarlss* 
fha jjMosdlng sscsopt when tho objective 

interval m • 

By the clone of ttoe pmotiae period* 0 lands to t.dx oadh 
pair of jars for itself, In objective mid routine fuatolon; to® 
sene© to ttolnto less of p*< <**Ilnc ostlmtes ana xjom In tossas 
of tr.c oaiac^lpprocieion; and wion corli- •.* tri * u do ocr*; to 




■ 

. 

. 

* 


. 

; 

. 









. f i x ' ? . 

t-i atatwat of a ppaotloed oto; serves?* a atiittid* is not fbnoi- 
4 ia t om» aanlyolo or the not<&*lal above my oetfve to \;u pcei. 

71 10 ftimman of ju&'^ng vnm ixu?ii:?v£ily 00 rktm: iwU At 
th© Uei&iminn of m imxt-am rioa# the four ffeirsrjni of &adh hand 
were placed in the adaptation px&} tha mxefaoe of the mtetf 
mm tmtmm the moemd. and third .joints, ao that the flngore 
xtam ►foil te.K/j*yo&# without wetting the roat of the hand. Xf 
tho body of th< hand iaadv©rto»ixy wm» wot# it wn- dried with¬ 
out delay# : Jiao' tiio eooxnusa no dtotra-ttiag* It wei. a;., so 
found that if the fia_'m*a mtm wot ho ond thotr point of juao- 
n with t}. y ’ taweMtiAtt »o 0 wit»d 

tii. ;,t vo& not otherwise ftfoeont# 30th fcan&e wore ttotto re¬ 
tained in the adaptation Jaar# with the water feocly oir^suiat- 
inp between tho gtafporoy foo? t few nlnuteo (HUM to five); 
the e:taot tirao <\*%xm&xl v&m the taupmtav* ansi in fftvon in 
each <roo with 4 :-- o re-rallt.;* 

The axicstion will inevitably ca«fge* and my m mil be 
broached at thin point: ffno n period of th.ro- • to five rdnutosi 
nt-0pixa,i<, .■'or ; I*- - - ..,* jvi't.iXvtationt If dofiiv ■* * 

aoco n-'-.L r.in dir ifeut bcsrelirtaito Go'mot :# 

# F .: 

5 5 • < 

Person fotr»m**w an drar vtitemd ll mr 3os%r*mi 

bmntmt bloibi, ferdno ^flriduns^ von rikto oto? x&bm *«*«*- 
j... + } r.t- •:-,1.1ft •/■■ 1, fu> die jo thir If, 

1-, ethos? wtarcJsf-# no neap by adaptation ooti lota tn< .j ;ul Indi:.-- 
















:teen©o f aoet>icto abocnoo of warn or ooM sensation, then 003?- 
toinly this period. 1» not, in general, adequate # Hi jmtemi 
in node th t # tiy th© oral of fire nlnutoo, a taipedeaturo of, 
nay t 16* $ave no accusation of 00id. If t?e define the torn 

dfcoolutely, an #M >M>in$«mo f for o&aag&eB* «dlo Abatmspfung 

*33bhliift.ans t H«t Oscm - ahologta* X * M, AufX* 

1919)1 is* 565. 

dex* WtWtiftnBtm&m hoi l^tinuiorlieher Fortitoor Oor ob;|©ftt1van 
Heine% then, of oourso, the *Ab ft ■ ;o 'utvnncod a cor- 
t .ln tray fc ■ *hc * nl of this tmlcmlj not no far*, at autmno 
ta:p<3&tu*aa t as In a Xon^s* pecrtocU 1 ■" -t at onae t proot.to¬ 

ol inootion arises: TS^vt dr-r^o: of •Ab^.rrftsir:* io tVJiandod 
In omisr that fudging nop propas?/? fco&ia? Hint the *Abait*r~ 
tmz* pvooaod to oNqpleto InfUffcatmoe la. In' emsamx 9 mt 
feasible, If indeed po^tbie. She writer In saueh tnaiixmd to 
qncntic., ~ although not havlnr •^ocdfiocaiy iavosttmtod this 
point, he to unable to spoafc n?lth certainty - Ohether ocaplete 
tncaifforcnno la attainable beyond q XlnltoO. ruine no » ohtn 
tr; t'Qsatnro # Aseordt ;: to booT^sd,? the tndlff<ttjqpo®* 

MMft# - ... ** , *71* Loormrd oltod by Startwag* 

atisre on tho volar old© of t!« hand oot&a be depyoeaod to al~ 
norjt ago it; . miood to above 53* - a mp# of abca.it xe% 

aouoafto, 3 borovc,*, lb 1 these values csre *neo5i fcutnoe-* 

sihimbcrg, b: C2>. ott .» . . t>V * 

©ec a’ 0 I Ip ires 10 ospsuoo nfj he cue’ * ■ ~&i « -• u 






























"" • 







- 75 - 


Tineas fur * ino fetqperntav von vnrp&ftw 11* cj. rdartieron, do 
class ns*i cine doutliobo w^joccpftnduns von oincof Konstajiten 
Toagpcratur von !£• <J. ©rhuit, vnd nun ham ole fflr 'to Tm~ 
poafetuv von 39° odapttaren, so daoo nur etn© unbo<i<ittamde i^1^ ; s mk 5 
einc voruranofot.* The irztmait way ho accented 

an mistook - Indeed, mm own data confirm it within the range 
%6° to but the facta by no noons iisply, o» Slumbers mwm 

to thinlt, ooifilotc tfoweam of ttuanaX quality at the 
tores (ll # and 39°) to «Metl the fingoro wore ’adapted* 9 The 
writer wishes to cite three facta shitth m*s s.iric© B-0*o mm* 
mmta 9 as Incorporated in the protocol with this origtoa data. 

X) Adaptation was not dwayv, ’oeqplcto* oven at the 
done of a series, 4-3 riiimtc® after it begem* fl 'Ttnmo 
wore not continuoimiy tewarued (taring this tine, but war© ert- 
poeod to the six* for brief Intervals - about 3 second* out 
of every 20, after the initial adaptation period - in th© 
pmom’j Of judging, ns related bolmt* This closure, Of 
course, wttft unav but United as nloeely as possible* 

\) Indifference, even if (partially or alio ly) achieved, 
could not always bo retained toleftnlteiyf it was reported sub¬ 
ject, to noticeable, but usually unexplained, toiorrqptlons* 

3) Thrott^iout aai entire sorioc, the adaptation jar 
night have different thoas-ial quality to the two hands: it 
wH&\ t 3ocsa coo lea? to owe or be incliff cron t to one and not to 
the other* 

Oemsiuer the f&liowinn iXtatrutiv© examemto; 

as». n.eft hand again coons* coo? os* in adaptation 
jjir than right hand. Adaptation not corslet© by end 








- 76 - 


Of ymw - rfei? at 1X1 ■ lODl no t Of r c ti ;o; at 

otI '<53? tl U v D no* ; t il i -•- *ar - OOCinGBO Is tryoiJttXa#,* 
22°* "in the ease-tea to-doy, left hand fade dio~ 
tinotXy cooler in adaptation jar th.■!;<'% fld-.i oooX- 
®!W conupicumie at ..an© time than others." 
23° • *Hretf, after loni>oont inued presence of Honda 
In .. it still bn* tceaparature 

no®. •tfater in -..eipta^ion jar foit taitfmryit or 
ml to loft, but very cool to rt$vt, Hand** 
2f°. *L«te In hour, a a uoli a;- earlier, f tr.*„vr4* of 
coolness paao m>o finn«r«tlpc up tmrnra hand." (Mot 
due to stirria^, as shorn h careful toots ulth Bocfe* 
u:um )• 

20*. •&.:. a .itnoo a ami. / n a .• .3 uv D (\aa ' ■; o •■ *w; 
jar in ufiteh tho hands have boon, adopting for mm tine 
vrlll isuddenly fool noticeably cooler to on or both 
than before.* 

The irro^aaritico in 2) to© by no netmo molcoarr 
or freQUcnti they cm noted, in fh< record*, for ti ^ 4 :•, ;>$**• 
turca 20*, 23* and 32 * j they om i; *.rod suddenly and, ^ far as 
doteriaindblo, rith no clmye in any objective coaidition (o«g« f 
tender ature of water or air), they turns tret©, horevrr, (9 
aoqpxetc indlfferanco, oven if once achieved, cannot alsmya be 
uhifbmly mlntsined* <*t lc it tinder the neeousary conditions 
of our stud * 

X) and 3) dbo^o tow W&i mm typical and irtdo- 
Pr-y; tb< : a ci.t ", i* 1 ? ■ *' * 



Hfjj m by no irnmn confined to f&txem ntinuxi, but ttmt thoy 
appo &*ed ttith oqml pmiinonao in 4 v- vicinity or :'!tln-t.air«s»^ 
aturo {n:;° and 51®). 

It xtouOi 1 ooai obvious, in light of theao footn § thxtt a 
ojmtcmtlo pmr&m or Invootltfation could hardly ho ocowied 
throu;3i # vmre one to inalst on oauploto indiffs 3? n o In both 
hands no a proroqulslto to ever jncvr •••nt. At leant four prac¬ 
tical ii\Tpe<..!in.-fntn to -;;r flttdl dttKld ' : l) tlfc 

nhouxe need an Ijj&cfflnlte period fox* adaptation, not dot an fin¬ 
able in aOsr.'Ma® and apparently In exocas of 4j> ninutco aouo~ 
tines f a;j a proliiateiary to ouv first (or nny) ■ *lon; it i ; 
fart: car stmugiv open to dwiri etothev iadiftoonoe could ho 
reached-t aU in rue rux . 2) \?o should lv v- to broah 

off any scrioo in case tenpamturo-qiialliy reappostrod in either 
hand and continue our o^pofsnro to the adaptation-lev*;. until 
thio dor ea*tad t if nt aE. j) If uc Iteep t) , ftnara? aoaiin- 
xiouniy iMPeattwd fl&r two* hem os? am v 13>e «hln 1MM In¬ 
flated, wiiuood find 0001 * 00 * attended trith a jKflWounood nnbljxg 
and mcAxn±n~ of tie hosml oonoltivity; o that judgiu0 umtl4 
have to oeaao until non sol rt&l»-«ondltiono could 1*© restored, * 


ifliia taio avoided in rw procedure by neu*in of on interval 
m ainutoo ©a* so) between suecoasivo aorlea* Curing bioh 
the hand* were out. of Hater* 

4) Adaptation Is olifhtly disturbed In ti e very act of ^udn- 
tug and would need to he retnducocL, each tine , to the point of 
m&jeotlvc tiu&ffmwe, It uroly needs no tu?0*3«mt that 
*?orh hadgnd within this of Initiations tyould ho aliont 

ly $ 






pi tyt'lloiontoul baals cmd lrjport, Its for too dbaotiv# for ua to 
aet 15) un. arbitrary at? .j 1 Xce eoj^^P lete ^i2*\ ronoo , a a 

- . ; * r-tsit,: o ■ '■ t. f . -o.*’ m •... .- .;.': 

Pirnlly, cm ournc of the d:it: t ,iv<,.. r.bov , ..revealed no agp- 
nvoi !>ls.: of.foot, in direction or .'. ;;>Me, to. t) •-. -eeuir.ey of 
dlaerldilation tn the course of a eeriee} «e that, If adapt®* 
tion played any i^i< , it : aft no oatori'ii awfc. behind it or 
olao Ito Infliumoo xmu neutralised by the epav&tlen of ©tin# 
fao*o v • t 


iflhe rv3,d«s? i; cautioned not to infer, frou t- boy© dla- 
en don, -h. it adaptation it.c nrcua y inad&pato aitl varinbXo 
in oiu? won!:; fr fron it. *• M ; • jud/sinf beaut, adaptc- 
tion xma regularly well adwftneod, and only a few liraes* wan the 
dif^-yeno© in mhmMIR between rtr-h* Oft hands at all 

. A fpod «g?proctdb to iadtff srena© onn bo ooourod 
- xo*ivo cauoj Imt oonplete adaptation i« quit© another 
■ t •. 


It vriii t j - "'©re dc-"'<' : /'xX to Ik- flu jtt. ’.ginr r ,; ' r a brief, 

and fo.? r-^y fair ''T.ti^o mi^ )U t j'.e'-'iOf 1 ;* .;© that tl-.e ntatuo 


ai’be Jiorto.it period (3 iiinu d ) mu n od near fritte tor>» 
paraturoas the lessor once (4 and 5 nimtm ) at higher and 

10 r l-'v. : . 


' , for on ah *©rl ** 9 relatively eosvrtent* 

At tlm ; ;io.:c of th.o adaptation period, tho recorder 
raid the first ooebinatlor; to be otnpnawNl# &-0*o hands taovod 
1 : 4 I s . If' *•: : tW; •/* ’< bor *iy : '- . At. IV* SI atyefo, 

the K nda wore lifted f/cci the adaptation jar, remintng In 
t 5 - air juot two toate ( iocor*on the third, f : oy ln- 
lacrecd In the flxt-.t jar to be oeaaporod, rcmtnlni: there two 
aooondo; i«ca at tb T ? 'th boat, nisola r20vine in hir two 

? t '*% iu:< - ‘ • i with- 









. V. * - ; 


» 

c 

. 




- 79 - 


flratm at t) o ninth etrol«j and returned dlrootly to the adapta¬ 
tion bhSafti tRMi % usd&m, '.in o&dU ouoe* SEhe ;Judi|- 

ncnt mti Cleon ’•' ,:b. .1 were leavi/ig the aeoo nd j.the 

air,oi*lnjUv .tion mm :Milarly : i?«.le In tomo of ti ( xs.-.xm: ,1ar f 
but epohen and recorded In taim# of £«* The above xa’oocdua?© 

*AiiamiG «J to b« m«w them r>$ in the order D-^ f the 
ittdgnoni la sand* and vw*lum 'In %mnm of the ooaond. dhlob la 
xlao Ji In t ho order <T-s, the ,ltitif£icnt to ncnt a? xy (or # -at>- 
vo r:..Ur ) fr>;«min* or. in fcersx : of the second jur. D, .r^-leV 1 • 
coolers but lx pobfr x,. rocorfod • .u V, ; • lying to J* Ehc 
tjritesr wlohao to onphat ;ir.o tb t he could observe no oooontlui 
di i^v-r-nrioo in nov ioiit of attention* In the ;e two ordure; 
in J*s the Jud^jait trjuod in tei.ua of S rrae utrcply reveled 
fox* th< *amvv ni< ter wilfamlty in the raoorda* With 

a little raetioo thl booms anay an- habitual, having, m fox 
no could be & t malno I by B-0, no distracting effect* 

•.mo (K>^roapon(iiii ; dly nodifiod to accommodate, fox* example, the 
method of equivalents, in uhidh ri$ti and left honda are ni- 
5 i iultcnaouoly Imorned in the tm coMpuri-on jara; but in 'll 
mthodn V : tl ■■: of r-ormw> to uv;h otimiluo ma t:ro ac<jonda t 
at all taspcrnturoB, and ■ Ttpoewr*■ to tlie air, preceding either 
atlaiun, cob XiJcowi:;® fixed nt two second , Who nout ’or 
this renulatln;; 1.: a ; i, She t -r future of - h •«*&, 

When caponed to air, either rlaoo or folia (usually th© lot— 
ter)* it in noecsiaaary, not only that the iriount of this 
change be the casmo In eeei hand, but niiao th at it renin eon— 
ntrmt fxoi .2 on Judgment V t: » next. Thio o ut only bo aol-1 ved, 
apprerlir&tciy, by . luted tiue of expoauro* <fc.mirs • in 

taip<mitwye, oulxin to paaaugo through the air, io an unavoid- 
able fbaturo of tv« i k thod un<.i tatrothiocd a aonntrmt error into 

OUU XlOUd ?it.}: A!.. “.13 Will UlxObO T* PM l H 1X0 







— & 0 ~ 


'amd to e&irtfnaio t: 1 error, it mnic. Hi floor , bo pre¬ 
sented by so regulating tho r o<x»»i ct jpcasaturo a a to neutralist 
twaHuliir; w ©doling cffentf tibloh g of coiu^ao* in ©x^l&iary 
pMttiftns, iMl |ni done, in W$M a aeviee life© 

Steinberg*a If^xTOto y mould oo:a better for Iwmiigating our 
probxm* tfcntgh apparently a good <3teal loan fbr.i tble in other 
WRy ®* the later 'e-epoatomta (tironp xx} # the aSgM^mture 
waa neamsred with a ttiessosaetficr eoupetated dirooily above the 
apparatus ajui recorded ft»r ■ onh afternoon* 

After the initial period of adaptations for «gg«($i« t 
X, the five- ocrJblnatione of* that ,jnr with the remini.: ig 
•BRntonta CX-B # 1-5 g 14 - # 1-5,, 1-6} wore cao 5 •moored four 
tines, as above • irya-lnod} mtnh-r i being both l and 

adaptation Jnr The hands wore then iranefiaoerod to 

the i^seod cid i*3taiiu>d there erne idjntt** for adaptation, 
whereupon the five oerblnatlon ; of vmfoev & with the other 
aloe eocr.ffit*wd four ttico, The hand a wore then ro- 
nCrtre ^* i8 •» to ntJPbc s? 5» and SO rr., fh.::*o‘irh the whole 

act of else Jam* It trill thn •> be. noon that the adaptation Jar 
^ ' ■ M u, thod| and th ' the •.aiaptntion- 

tcnperuti&e vnriod, from one- Jra? be the newt, by the mount of 
dif^r^onoo* JXto.rmeh an thin differ ;;•>.© rarely o;e<s©cdod 
« . . U!o;x>d nogUglblo beoid© the interval Of 

betwe n tho tesr ewatup© enrols inv*. tiy to :, 

tfuai twenty oeoontitf elapeed fren tic begSuolniS of on© 
oomp ri -m 4 -o the?; of* the ne::-rt; .o that ’ Jucg. ; cnts ooquh 
lied ho ;xirr.f m, , rl ^ * the aipfatien *to • ■ im co: -y- 















. 








. 





toon oomwiMi frm & to 9 -e condo* ix to i \ ,> v -> ^ ucro 
th*® available for vmmod adaptation, before the nerrt oempe*- 
tmn began# 

Son: : r.tra of jar a being nearer together than others, 
tho h. :' u to raovo f-a*t • in <301.3 aribir;, , 1-^ th n 1 - 4 :* 
Till.; cni extensive rang® ramiaui, of course f have greater cool- 
inn effect t ©yen though the tin* of crcpo;mro to tho air vrao 
alihi in both Otis joo* ?o obviate this, the hands ucro Kept 
uovlng, tfhll© in the air, at about unifor rate for tho whole 
t >0 w®ndD f whether the dlataoo* botao a the jars vras large 

or crmi* 

An Interval of mis ms chosen 1 : 1) fron 

©rrpoxrbieiitai on attention, 1 - 1/2 *■< 2 ; econ-ls la or- . irmly a#» 
mrfivd ao tho optiml titso for roasting to a nno-i^ro ions, 
that is, for adjusting the attrition to a given atlnulua; It 
•sened therefore tho beet Interval for exposing tho roaqptors 
to the trio ooqprr 1: on-ot ii aai} 2) It vac long anou$t to en¬ 
able jm> to pass frm one jar to another without eaproosonent 
and, at the uane tine, *?it*iout Keeping tho hands in tho air 
longer than nocc: nry, 

Oare was used always to fevierae tho hands to tho son© 
depth \ft\m nalcing col.-?)orisons, because, as troll Known, sttoula- 
tlon of a larger area Often gives the illusion of greater In¬ 
tensity of sttrmrhm ft additional factor J 

if the hand bo iitadvertently stimulated above tho level of 
adaptation, tho tinadoptcxi area often yields a distinctly 
stem -•r mm or cool sensation th .u the adapted part, .. 1 there¬ 
to judgment la conflict xl. with practice the dspth of luertsion 











wa» fcopt laiifta i arui aoeuvtttoi uml tft&io, in a tm tatilvt&nl 
mmv f *l:o w*v w^xi fc.iy btwjn aiutuafeod by too do-p 

lxT.K'^tlon # 010? ncthmi of otntiBtieax tvo^tsictft 
V' o;;* -05? •; Of fits f.- r-o rnrt i . <\, ‘o n ■' for t3y.- 





-8 3 - 


CHAFTKB IV 

STATISTICAL TR^TMKHT OF DATA 

The data were treated according to Urban’s modifica¬ 
tion of the psychometric function, Phi of gar;;ma. The es¬ 
sential features of this method will here be briefly given,* 


1. An extended presentation may be found in the article by 
P,H.Urban: Die psychophysischen Massmethoden ala Grund- 
lagen empirischer Kessungen; Archiv fur die gesamte Payehcft- 
ogie, Vol, XV (1909), pp, 261-355, and XVI, pp.168-227 
(especially pp,177-227 of the latter volume). A critical 
presentation appears in W. Mrth: Psychophysik, and in 
Brojm and Thomson’s Kssentials of Mental Measurement, An 
elementary summary is given by . . G, Boring in American 
Journal of Psychology, XXVIII (1917), pp.280-293. 


Let s, and J, be two Btimuli, a standard and a o> rapari¬ 
sen stimulus, presented to an 0 under specified conditions; 
let 0 be instructed to respond to^, upon each presentation, 
in one of £ ways (for example, with one of the judgments 
Warmer; Doubtful, Cooler); let be the percentage of W 
judgments in the total number of judgments given at the point 
This method now makes two assumptions: 1) that Pg, * f^U) , 
that is, that p is some (determinable) function of the corre¬ 
sponding value of J.; and 2) that this functional relationship 
may be expressed by the fraction 


r- * 


J 

_ oO 


/ -a: 

e ax 


J 


— 


•f o© 


-A* (*- 


d X 


(4) 
















X - * v- jfi ^ 

■ 

■. . 

■ 







'M-X) *A- 







The denominator here equal# ^ (for proof, oee hooka on 
Leeat Squares, auch as, Veld: Theory of Errors and Least 
Squares, p.180 f.; of. ilaon: Advanced Calculua, p.364). 

The equation thus becomes 



Place z * h(x-a) . Since x ranges from - 00 to Jt* & 
range from • 00 to h(.1-a) . We then have 



( 6 ) 


When JL * 3 0, » 1/2 (since the area of 

the integral from - o* to + <*“ equals unity). In this equa¬ 
tion, has already been defined aa the comparison-stimulus, 
to which the Judgments as given apply; a may now be defined, 
therefore, as that value of J. for which f(JJ equals 1/2; in 
other words, & ia the afcaoissal value which divides the area 
represented by the integral into two equal parts, hens e the 
median. This median point is defined, in the present method, 
as the limen . the principal value which the equation yields* 
h is commonly known as the ’measure of precision’; the great¬ 
er its value, the smaller the variability of the normal dis¬ 
tribution whose area is represented by the integral above 


given 









,K '-*) V '- ' 

VxT * \ 

lit* x *1 - f *° • r!r;,; 

t «o « f sjuij 




* 

• t. ■ 4 . : , , . *■« *0 l , •. :i tk 









. n>Jhc r ito tf • > l# _ _ 

*) <*-t >o oiif*« m>-' wdi‘‘*0 : : aJt, 












- $s- 

• 3 * 


A- 


X 

/7f 


•+ 

/ 


< 3 . <3 * 

(*) 

In terms of the standard deviation, a value more commonly 
used ineducational statistic®, h * -pr • Since & equals the 

median (that is, the origin of the Gnuseian differential 
curve corresponding to our integral) and J[ le the variable, 
j-a equals the difference, usually called x*. to « ~ Y • 

Hence our equation reduces to 

+Y ^ n 

p.= i + -k A* ** = i+L* (f) = A 


( 8 ) 


This being the final reduction, the method is usually known 
as the ’Phi of GammJ method. 

Special tables giving the value® of gamma with the 
corresponding value;*. Phi of gamma • that is, 2(j> * 2/2) 
are found in certain works on the theory of probabilities 
(oeg,, H, Bruns: Wahrscheinlichkeite-rechnung, Anh/ng, (1906), 
contains values of gansa from .000 to 2,89). The value of 
gamma can also be determined from the customary tables of 
the probability integral (such as, Sheppard’s tables in K. 
Pearson: Tables for Statisticians and Biometricians, p,2, , 
in which the value of ~r corresponding to any given area, 

0 x 

1 + l , it given. Since gemma equals , its 


• **t> — 








. q a 4 a * •• ■ tp*. 























:.i? 






. . 

, . .23 


»X o c v* * 6 ■ l' ", 












i$)U 


-XL- 

-4- 

vnlue can be readily secured. For example, when gamma equals 

1, Phi (gamma) * .8427 (from Bruns* table), or 1/2 Phi (g^mma)* 

X x 

.4213. From Sheppard’s table, vhen 1/2 Phi (^) » .4213, « 

1.414, which equals, as the above relation indicates, \ . 

Our equation thus contains two unknowns, h and a; & 
being the median-point, here defined as the limen, «id h being 
the precision of the distribution, from which the a.d, or p.e . 
of the limen may be determined. Given two values of gamma, 
y W( and y Wi _ , derived from two values of p^, p Wl and p^, for 
two values of J., & and it is obvious that h^ a»d would 

be uniquely determined from the two equations: 

){ w t — h*, Cj | — 3 w ) 

y Wi _ =. Cj 3. - 4 w ) 

Since, however, it is desirable to have determinations of p^ 
for more than two values of J„, wo must calculate the most 
probable value of £ and a by the usual method of 1© st squares. 

For this purpose the equnti-na muot be in linear form. 
The relation between £, the observed value, and the unknowns, 
h and &, is however far from linear, involving the trans- 
cendental function Phi (garana). The reduction to linear 
form may be directly accomplished in the following way (of. 
Wirth, pp.136 ff, and 206 tt.)i Approximate values for & and 
a may be found by solving and two of the observation equations. 








. u / f a -.o 4MltM 

• Y ,P 'jvoibfli fl«jt#4tft7 .* ^ 0,i# j/| t ‘ifjc^p« , 

: n< - H to j*#*Xkv #?£ cr»*£ , ;h- *% i ‘ ** • ■a 

Jin:? < y , ,i 1# it &%: moil v •.• It- :i , ba v .y 

(•> - *uU = ^ 

■ i m U ■■■ t t r' 

•"l** V ; « i £’ 'o££‘o* l t/t* .lit ! ••.' "< >: \r/09liz» '«. 1 -.10^ 

* • ,*! * . c, , r >.* 






of simple combinations of them (ibidem, p.£0B). Let these 
approximate values be h* ^nd ji*; h* may be treated ae equal 
to the most probable value, plue some correction (pre¬ 
sumably email), likewise equale a plue some correction 
j». Substituting these values, we have 



( 10 ) 


Expanding the final form into a Taylor series in powers of 
d and e, we get 



§l(h-4Kj = 4 > !>' C J ~ d H' 


Ux) 


Only the first power of d and £ can be used, since the equa¬ 
tion is to be linear. The approximation thus secured will, 
however, be adequate in case d, and £ are small; otherwise 
the process must be repeated. 

The above •Korrektionsverf^hren* of Muller and tfechner 
is, however, less convonfe nt in practise than the *0ewichts- 
verfahren* first developed by Muller, As before, we start with 
a series of equations 


gamma * h( - &) lj£ K 1,2# -“**“*", n) (12) 

JbL - ~ 


We must now secure the moBt probable values of h and £ on the 



da; I q t 3 ' 

• ** 4 

;*j 1*041 «k #a»a tu:!-, .'1 *•**"*! • 

:•; 9 # ’ B&' 

\^ J " 6 “ ‘^-^4* i-♦ i • \*- OA]$ }v- = ^>$> i ♦ j *<j 

■ 


- + 


60 ’Af> 


£&V + A -fc- *£fe. J p\i 

aG VC’AC “if,' ) !*. 




♦ r 

5* *1*;. if rr 1 ta*nt+v»v •«•! *«1 



| a ,..s, ■ a; 



- 

-6- 


basis of the actually observed quantities, p^, so that the 
me n-square deviation of the observed from the calculated 
j>'s will be a minimum. That is, the menn-square adjustment 
can profcerly be applied only to the directly observed quanti¬ 
ties, £, n- t to derived quantities such as gamma. In order 
to use our series of linear equations in gamma, we must there¬ 
fore determine a weight, Pei, such that 

Psi k (gamraa k - gamma®)* * (£ k - £g)* (j£ * 1, 2® —, &) (13) 

^ here denoted: the ’most probable’ value of j^ k , that is, the 
adjusted value of corresponding to h° and the most 
probable values of £ and while gamma® is the value of 
gamma^ directly calculated from The weight, Psi, must be 

such that 


n 

I 


AC-/ 


<f>K (ftZ_ te -Z-'Cpi- pi) - 


i ft i m vv, 

(14) 


Let (ganna^ - gamaag) « . The *moBt probable* calculated 

value of is 
the observed value is 

• 1/2 * 1/2 Phi (gamma k ); (16) 

hence, 

- £ k ) » 1/2 Phi (garama£) - 1/2 Phi (gommo^ 

» 1/2 Phi ( gamma k - t£) - 1/2 Phi (gr.mma k ).(17) 
;jcponding 1/2 Phifgwmno^- t£) into a Taylor series in powers 


J 2 ® * 1/2 + 1/2 Phi (gammaJ); Vl5) 













„ - 






. 






of t°, we have 1/2 jj>hi (gax®s& k ) - Phi* (gamas^) + 

>(««—»,) * U/3»)^ 3 Phi>«»(enraaa k ) + —-J (i$ 

Deducting 1/2 FhMg^mma^) and perforaing the differentiations 
indicated, we get 



U9) 


Obviously, the larger the number of texwa in the right-hand 
member, the nearer will its value approach that of (jj£ - j^). 
By employing the Phi(gunsaa)method, however, we have already 
assumed that the series, p 1 , p^ . —, j^, forme an approxi¬ 
mately Causaian ogive or integral curve. If this postulate 
is valid, the value of (j£j> - £. ) is small, and likewise t* 

Is small enough that its high powers may be nsglected in the 
above series, Vuller and Urban, in fact, retain only the 
first power of t£, so that 

(J£ - £ k ) 9 m (Vn ).&%'•*' ( o) 

and it is on this basis that their tabulated weights are de¬ 
rived, This procedure is accurate enough when the deviations 
are small but that they are otherwise not satisfactory 

may be shown by an example taken from Urban*e own work. 

Take the results for observer I, heavier (groarur) 
judgment.., as given in the Archiv, XV, p.287. The values of 

for the comparison-stimuli, 84, 88, -, 108, range from 

0.0022 to 09400. The raost probable values of & and a, Cul- 


4 



















• ' ' ’ ‘ , . 1 



, • • , , f . 






■ 














eulated from these j)*«, are given In XVI, p.192, Tabelie 44, 
&8 0.1361 and 99.68, The actual valuta of gamma, and the 
corresponding weights for observer I are given in XVI, 
p.190. Tab ell e 40. If the values of gaiMftg are calculated 
from h°(j^- a°) nnd deducted from the actual values, very 
nearly the following residuals will be obtained, in order; 
.1190, .1376, ,0924, -.0400, -.1986, .3008, -.0330. The 
sum of these, when equared and multiplied by the weights,JP, 
equal a, 098460. (Urban's vs? lue for this sum is .098550; 
see XVI, p. 226, Tabelle 68). If we now calculate the values 
of jig by inserting the most probable values of and & into 
the equa* 4 «*» /«?£/ (/* - 99.6?) 




o 


( 21 ) 


and deduct thorn from the actual values, the following 

residuals will be obtained in order: .0009, .0077, 0192, 
-.0172, -.1113, .0984, -.0054. The sum of these, when 
squared and multiplied by the corresponding value of ly'M 
(cf. below, this paragraph), equals .164821. This ghr ea us 
the left member of equation (-0) above; to seoure the right 
member, we proceed as follows: The 'true* Urban weights are 
equal to ( _J__ - * 

It' e * 22 

In tabulating, however, each weight is multiplied by ; 
this akeo a more convenient table, since the maximal vd ue 
is then unity instead of’an improper fraction. (This i a of 









- 7 A 

-9- 


course permissible, since the relative value of the weights 
io unchanged; and it is their relative value alone that is 
of importance in solving the normal equations). If relation 
(20) is ftp; roxiraately true, then 





(23) 


approximately. The left-hand member of this equation we 
have above found to be 0.164821* The right-hand member 
equals times 0,098450 » 0.1254. Thle is 4 d-1 vti^ctly 
poor agreement with 0.1648, and shows that the above equa¬ 
tion c^n hardly be exiled satisfactory. If, however, the 
second-power term of Taylor’s series (19) is retained in the 
weight, we have 


(p‘« -P«) - 7T 


±. t 


.1 




O-Kt J 


(a) 


If the right-hand member in (23) is calculated from ibis 
weight we get the value 0.1642, which, considering the numer¬ 
ous interpolations end approximations necesaery, may be celled 
a good agreement with 0.1646. 

The imperfect approximation of the tabulated weights 
can not be remedied, however, in the tables, since each suc¬ 
ceeding term in the aeries involves t£ ns an Integra part 
of the weight. In spite of their approximate character, the 






















•< \ -’V n ' 





















' . 


V ' gUwW, 



rr < aia LiX. ^ A 



' 



. ' 'fal 

- • . . , 

• . 

' 


















- 10 - 


tabulated weighto have been used In this study. 

The Urban weight contains on additional factor, 1/J5&, 
which differentiates it from the original Hu Her weight. It 
is assumed that the percentage, jg^., which we obtain at any 
given point is itself merely a sample from a noimal distribu¬ 
tion; that is, if wo took an Indefinite number of sets of 
judgments at the same point, (soy, 1000 sets of 100 judg¬ 
ments each when * 32.10° and £ » 32.003 that the 1000 values 
of derived from these sets would form a closely normal dis¬ 
tribution about their mean value* In other words, the sequence 
of percentages obtained 


**• *v 

is assumed to be a true Bernoullian series, the factors con¬ 
ditional*' the appear? nee and non-appearance of the given judg¬ 
ment remaining constant through all the series, (cf. Arne 
Fisher: Mathematical Theory of Probabilities; pp.I18 ff.). 

The standard deviation of this distribution equals I-P 
( a ® 1 - j>). (For proof, of. ibidem, p.119 and 110), If 
n (the number of samples of obtained, in our example 1000) 
remains constant, it is evident that the standard deviation 
of these distributions obtained at different points, j. k , 
is not constant, since ££ varies. The product is a maxi¬ 
mum when p « £ * l/$ and decreases to zero, when £ or 
equals zero. In the process of fitting the most probable 




. • 




* 






■ 










-fv?- 

- 11 - 


ogive to these percentages, each is weighted, in the 
customary manner, inversely proportional tothe square of 
eigart or directly proportional to h 1 *. The weight, there- 


fore, of any la n/ p^q^ ; this value is minimal at j£ * 


l/ 2 and becomes infinite when j « 0 or 1, Since the factor. 



the total weight is maximal at ji * 1,2 and decreases to aero 
at j • 0 or 1 (of. Urban, XVI, p.184). 

The combination of these two weights, the Burnoullian 
and Wuller’s, gives us the final Urban weight 



21 -L 
1 r ' PI 


(25) 


which, bb above stated, is tabulated In the more convenient 


form. 


2 . 



If the number of judgments £ secured at O'ch point, in 
the series is constant, the factor n may be omitted in the 
above weight; when n varies from on*, set to another, as is 
the case in this study, it must be included in the weight. 

We are now ready to secure tte normal equations for 
h and & from the n actual equations, Given, 


gamma x * - ja), id th the weight 

gamma, * h(J^ -£.)•" * 2** 


( 26 ) 





• 12 - 


Multiplying each equation by Its *«i ght and by the coefficient 
of ]n, and summing, ue have for the normal equation in h, 

[rjy] -[pjjJh - [pjjah. (2?) 

The equation in (ah) is 

- [pf] = -[pjJli t [flak. . ( 28 ) 

Solving simultaneously, we have 


U 


& 




v m 


[pj]h - fry] 

h FIT 


( 20 ) 


( 30 ) 




-95- 

-14- 


It remains to determine the probable errors of h 
and Urban, in Ms study, computed the £.£.'a of the 
upper and lower listens, as well as of the 'intervals of 
uncertainty' - the interval between upper and lower listen - 
and obtained values which, In every oaae, sere larger than 
the quantity to which it applied; they ranged from 1& to 
10 times the sire of the linens, or Intervals of uncertain¬ 
ty, affected. (For Urban's formula and results, see 
XVI, 3S5 ff. and 198)• These discouraging figures lead 
him to conclude his monograph with the statements 
•Die eogenannte Konstansaethode 1st dennaoh die ungcnau- 
este der hier dargelegten vier psychophysiochen 
Methoden* (p. 8S7). That hie £•«.•'« cannot be correct 
would appear from several considerations: 

1) Viewed in the light of general considerations only, 
it would seem strange that results, secured under the 
best conditions from observers as skilled as 
Professor Urban himself. 





-f<£- 

-15- 



should have p.-j, 1 a so large as almost to deprive thua of 
value. Urban ascribes it to the method, whose inaccuracy 
is due to the fact that "nlcht nur die Fehler der 

tachtungen uber die Iahrscheinlichkeiten der sugelasseneu 
Urtellsarten, sondern such die fehler der Theorie in das 
Resultnt eingehen’’ (p. 227), This seeme like a forced explan¬ 
ation, however, since 2) he shows (p.224 f.) that the Phi 
(gar«na) hypothesis agrees hotter with the observed data than 
does the arc tan hypothesis, the other psychometric function 
that he tooted; this would hardly justify the statement that 
the Phi (gamma) method ia the least accurate of all, 3) In 
the third plaoo, as Thomson has pointed out, since the 450 


1, Thomson, G. H, S Accuracy of the Phi(gam»a) Process; British 
Journal of Psychology, VII, (1014), p,B£. 


judgments were taken in 0 separate groups of 50 ec ch, and h 
and & were obtained for each g roup separately, we esn get en 
actual o.o . from these nine values which should reughly agree 
with the theoretical one. The p_,o_ « of a, computed in this way 
directly from the nine values of a, equals .276, whi<fc is of 
an entirely different order of magnitude th-in Urban’s value. 


9.477. 









Thomson, in the pnpor above cited, showed by other 
lae-.ns that Uxbun's values are incorrect; end hoe developed 
a formula for computing the p.q, out of the customary basic 
formula: • 

If Z is any function, £, of £1, , end if X is 

the error produced in by the concurrence of errors x^in j£i» 

x in z , then 

“a —a 


(31) 


Z t X » f (a, •* x x ){z z + x 3 ) -< 


Expanding the second term into a Taylor series m powers of 


«. x . •••.. and deducting Z » f (a,, £ n .—~* )• T?e have 



Assuming that the deviation are small enough to neglectall 
powers of x l9 £a* , beyond the first, we have the usual 


formula 



’ (330 


from which 



is here 


(34) 


obtained by the Bernoulli mi formula 



- 7 ?~ 

•17- 




« .6748 


(n ® 450, here) (35) 


ao that the maximal V'lue of in this <r>se, is about 

.016. 

It 1 b possible, however, to derive the P.e . of both h 
and £ directly fr m h Itself. This quantity 18 the {measure 

of precision* of the normal curve corresponding to the 
Gaussian integral which is fitted to the observed percentages. 


The -j.d e of this distribution Is j^=_ and the P.e. of the 


Since, 


*<r /xh 

Applying these equations directly to the Urban 


median, n, therefore, « .94536 p=- “ .84535 ^^ 

by the customary formulas, a.d. ** i/r ^=- , the s.« d « of h ■ 

A , 

fen 

Values discussed by Thomson, we have h ** .1361; n ® 450; 

s.d. * .0045 and p.e.. » .0030 (Thomson’e v*lue ® .003). 

1 h “ 

The o.d .of the distribution = 5.1955, whence the p,^e . of a 
by the above foraula « .207 (Thomson's value * .151). 

'''he difference between those last two v-lues is con¬ 
siderable. b'e have now to choose between these two methods: 
the Thomson method aims to derive the r,,„e. from the actual 
values of £, the h-taethoc gives the for the Gaussian 

integral fitted to the percentages. ^either value is exact; 
Thomson’s, for two reasons: 1) boor use of the abbreviated 
Ptl;t * formula which he users; and 2), what is probably more 
important, because of Hie merely approximate values of P 





-f 

- 18 - 


(the Urban weights), which appear very frequently in 
hie formula. We saw abov^ow inexact the Urban weights are 
in this particular case. The value derived from h is not 
exact, on the other hand, for the reaeon that it gives 
the . e . of the emooth curve instead of the obaerved values. 
Neither method gives a strictly reliable £*£. except when 
the deviations of the observed from the adjusted £'s are 
email; which is more exact will depend upon the individual 
case. In any event, the Thomson method seems to have no 
outstanding advantage to compenaste the extremely laborious 
computation it Involves. The ^-method 1ms therefore been 
used throughout in this study* It may be noted that the 
B ,d , calculated from h is confirmed by birth’s interpolation- 
Aethod of computing a.d* (cf. p. 192, towhich the reader is 
referred for the original derivation)* The virthian formula 
requires that the extreme value, where £ * 1*00, be known. 
Since this point is not given in Urban’s series, the highest 
% being ,94, we cannot determin e g*d * exactly by Wirtfc’s 
method; but we may assume with practical certainty that, 
there being 94# heavier judgments at 108 gr*»s, the percent¬ 
age would rise to ICO at either 112 or 116 grams, or at least 
sc near to ICO that the error would be negligible. If 100# 
at 112, the a.d *. by tfirth’s foraula, » 5*141; if at 


\V 


occurs 



-/<?<? - 

-19- 


116, a. d. « 6,220- it will be observed that our value 
(6.1965), derived from h, lies between th* two. 

Since the i>,o . of a varies inversely with the square- 
root of its weight, n, that ie, the area of the Gaussian 
curve fitted to the observed £*a, the question remains; 

What is the value of n when the number of judgments upon 
which the different j£*o are based is not the same? ’when 
each £ represents a certain percentage of the same number of 
judgments (450 in the ex&raple from l/rb*.n used above), then 
the total area of the normal curve (&) obviously is this 
const nt number (460). Ilhen, however, the p*a are not 
based on the some number of judgments, as in our 3tu<fcr, what 
must we assume for the area (r^) of the iltted curve? 
was found by this formula: 

Z P>c ^ ri (K=/, *, (56) 

^ P, 

where n is the weighted Man value of Aa an illustration 

*n® 

of the procedure, consider the following series of W judg¬ 
ments where the standard temperature equals 2C.00®; 


J 

19.85® 

19.90® 

19.95® 

20.00® 

20,05° 

20.10® 

20,16< 

SL 

.09 

.29 

.44 

.51 

.69 

.69 

.90 

& 

11 

39 

107 

85 

110 

59 

20 

13 

.61 

.89 

.992 

1.00 

,91 

.91 

.54 




-/<}/- 

-£ 0 - 


[£ is the comparison-*temperature to which the Judgment, as 
given, applies; £ is the percentage of Warmer Judgments; 
n is the total number of Judgments taken at that level; P 
is the Urban weight). 

The sun of P fc n here * 440.55j the sun of 1^ « 5.7t»2; 
therefore, * 76. 59. In other words, if 76.59 Judgments 
had been taken in e oh of the seven series above, the ^’s 
remaining what they now are, our results would have been the 
same as they now are. 



- )& X - 

- 1 - 


CHAPTKR V 

PRBSiiHTATIOH AID DI 8 CUSSI 0 H OP RESULTS 

The numerical data summarised from the original records 
are reproduced in full in the tables in the Appendix. The re- 
suits for E-0 are tabulated under four different methods all 
involving constant atiraulus-differencee; the data from other 
observers were scoured by various forms of the method of limits. 
The principal facts and conclusions rebating to these groups 
will here be exhibited and correlated. 

Constant Method A 

These data, constituting a part of the writer’s obser¬ 
vations, are the most complete and extensive in our atudy. The 
procedure here reached its definitive form and these results 
are given first place in our conclusions. The details of pro¬ 
cedure have been given in full, in our presentation of the 
method of securing data; hence will not be repeated here. In 
method A, both hands were successively exposed to standard 
mnd comparison Jar 5 each constant served, in turn, as both 
adaptation-Jar and standard, the others being then the com¬ 
parison-jars. 

let the reader now consider Table 13 and figure 5, in 
which the results arc sumnnrised in graphical fora. The 
limcif^B os there shown are not the values which emerge di¬ 
rectly from the original calculations, but are ’corrected’. 










-/*3 - 

• 2 « 


TABUS 13 

cobtstaht method a. 

Mean Veluee of and 1 0 (corrected) for each Temperature 



28® 

PA° 

20® 

16® 

20® 

24® 

28° 

44° 

40® 

36® 

32® 

28® 

L , 

.076 

.064 

.048 

.067 

• 059 

.039 

.046 

.078 

.081 

.062 

.041 

.038 

P.B. 

.013 

.013 

.010 

,012 

.010 

.006 

.015 


.040 

.008 

.006 

.006 

L o 

.008 

.056 

.061 

.076 

.056 

.042 

.046 

.097 

.075 

.055 

.038 

.033 

p - k -l 0 

.015 

.011 

.013 

.013 

.010 

.007 

.015 


.055 

.008 

.006 

.005 

I{-VV 

.164 

.120 

• 109 

.143 

.115 

.081 

.092 

.175 

.156 

.117 

.079 

.071 

P* -&• Y 

.020 

.017 

.016 

.017 

,014 

.009 

,022 


.068 

.012 

.008 

.008 











































































> 4 ~ 





























































































































* 





















- 








'I 








































1 * 


































1 * 





■ * 






4 






































♦ it 







• ■ 







4 <4 
































I I 




























"/ d (o - 

-5- 

Any limen, when computed, is affected with a combination of 
coneti nt tendencies: time-, space-, and other errors. It 
might be thought that, by combining the limene for the four 
time-space orders, we could get rid of these errors? and 
while thio 1b approximately true, other tendencies still re¬ 
main, Imbedded in the linens, as will be seen later, which 
can not thus be eliminated. We therefore determine in each 
cnee the lOint XI (of. Hotes toTables, below, p,/£p), at which 
a W and a C judgment are equally probable and use tills as the 
aero- or indifferenoe-point from which the true limen is reck¬ 
oned. By the • corrected* Warm linen, therefore, we mean 2^ - 
Xi; that la, the distance from the point Xi, where ■ p c , 
to the median point of the v, armor curve, where p^ * .50. The 
true colder Ilmen, likewise, is l c - Xi. 

The uso of Xi as the ’dividing-point* between W and C 
is founded on these considerations: Our method of statistical 
treatment assures that the responses *!• and *C* turn ig> as 
do Black and White balls drawn from an urn under specified 
oonditlono; that is, that each judgment io produced by the 
concurrence of an indefinite, and very large, number of factors, 
each of which is equally likely to be present or abeent; or, 
in other words, that the judgment is the algebraic sura of such 
a set of factors, each acting, now positively now negatively, 
with equal likelihood. Where this is true, as well known, 


‘ « , *« * 

* 

.t , i 

- d t't** »« v. ,u ’ <► i 

.cm wim ^ 4 •; 

■ 


~/*7- 

-6- 


the percentage of white balls umn in, say, 1000 seta of 
100 sach, will closely pproximate & 'normal* distribution. 
The *ero-point of auoh a curve ia taken as the point where 
the algebraic sum of these tendencies is zero, where the 
factors yielding 'white' and those yielding 'black* are 
exactly balanced. By a natural analogy, the zero- or in¬ 
difference-point between W and C is where the y4nd C tenden¬ 
cies are equally strong, so that their algebraic sum equals 
zero. In the tables the position of Xi, and the corrected 
limens, are always given. 

It will be noted that, in Group I, we started at 32®, 
passing down by 4° intervals to 16* and then coming back to 
28 c . We can thus determine, by comparing the first series 
with later ones at the tome temperature, at what point prac¬ 
tise effects afe no longer discernible. Consider the follow¬ 
ing table; 


Beginning 


Later 

W 0 I 


W. C I 

32° (S-J only) .080 -.100 ,180 


,031 -.038 ,069 

28° ,076 -.088 .164 

C) 

.046 -.046 .092 


(nj 

.038 -.033 ,071 

24® .064 -.056 .120 


.039 -.042 ,081 

20° .048 -.061 .100 


.059 -.056 ,115 



- 

-7- 


It appears that, at 32°, 28° and 24% each Ilmen in 
the first series is distinctly higher than In the later one 
at the same temperature. At 20°, however, the discrepancy 
has largely disappeared, the first series giving a somewhat 
smaller average value than the second one. On this basis 
the values from the first series at 32°, 28* and 24° are not 
used, as being still subject to practise effect; thessafter 
practise is assumed to have reached and maintained its maxi* 
mal level. 

The limena for 20°, as shown in the graph, are the 
arithmetic means of the two separate determinations at that 
level; of the two sets of limens separately determined at 
28°, however, (not including the practise *> t noted in the 
parngr 1 ph above), only one io used :n the graph. The reasons 
for using the one set in ^reference to the other are two-fold: 
1) The set used fits well into the course of the whole curve, 
while the other departs widely from it. Consider these figures 





C 

I 

24° 


,039 

-.042 

.081 

28® 

u) 

• 046 

- ,046 

.092 

28 c 

(ID 

.038 

-.033 

.071 

32* 


.041 

-.038 

.079 


The slope of the lines from 16° to 24* and from 40* to 32* 
clearly indicates that each Ilmen at 28 l may be expected to 
be smaller than the corresponding one at 24 c and 32°; which 












. 
















* , 




-'O f- 

- 8 - 


is true of the one set at 28® hut not of the other* Ho 
change In experimental procedure, or other conditions, to 
the writer*e knowledge, would account for the difference, 
which seems to be due, in part at least, to the am^ll num¬ 
ber of cases in (I), 2) Perhaps more convincing is the 

relative sise of the p.e,*s in the two eets of values: 

p.e.L* P *®*L 0 P* e *j 

28® (1) .018 *015 .022 

23® (II) .006 .005 .008 

It will be seen that the p.e.’s of (I) are about three times 
as lerge as those of (II). The evidence is thus all in 
favor of using (II) rather than (I). If however we> get their 
me n value, weighting them in reverse proportion to fee 
squares of their p.e.’s, theoe figures result: 

(II) .088 x .018* -.023 x ,015* .071 x .022* 

(I) .046 x .006* -.046 x .006* .092 x .008* 

Ha8 .039 -.034 .073 

It thus appears that if the limcns are combined with their 
approximate weii&ts the result-nt ra<nn exceeds by only .001®, 
in each case, the figure given in the garph, The writer pre¬ 
ferred, however, to reject (I) entirely, for the reason that 
the weighting can not acour? tely be done. The p.e.'s above 
used really apply to the crude limens, and not to the *cor- 



-/Jo - 

-9- 


rooted 1 ones here used; p.e.’s for tho latter are not avail* 

able. Our weighted mean is, therefore, only an ap roxima- 

tion although the great difference in the crude p.e.»o 

would naturally imply a large difference in the reliability 

of the corrected limena, Since the weighted mer t n departs 

but little from (11) and is, at best, only approximate, the 

writer anw no reason to use it in the place of (II), He also 

refrained from weighting the two values of 20° when combining 

them into a me^n, Here the r.e.’s run as follows: 

p*e.» p.e., P*e* T 

w ^C x 

20* (1) .010 v .013 .016 

20 ° (2) .010 .010 .014 


Here the p.e.’e differ by so little that the error frum uo* 
ing these approximate weights would presumably, in the writ* 
cr*e opinion, hare outweighed a possible increriue in the ac¬ 
curacy of the mean. The writer believer, in ouc, that the 
values for both 20« and 28% ao shown in the graph, are the 
most accurate his data can be made to yield. 

The value given for l, at 44« is unreliable, as 
shown by an excessive u.e, in one case. The 1 linens for the 
four time-space orders in the table All* 44° follow (the 
p.e.'^s given again apply to the corresponding crude limens): 











• • 










• • 





> ; . . J * 

■ 



















/I ■ , . 


- Ill 

• 10 - 




\ 

p • e • Ijq 

p.e. 

3~J, 

L 

• 099 

,055 

-.125 

.087 

S-J, 

H 

.064 

.053 

-.105 

.059 

J-8, 

L 

.606 

.679 

-.061 

,058 

J-3, 

R 

.061 

.040 

-.060 

.052 


All the r) # e.*8 arc here oomparaVle except the one for in 
J-8, L (.679) • wore then twelve times the size of any other 
in that column. The liamn is also of r different order of 
magnitude from the remaining one . The value is without 
question wholly anomalous may not properly “be combined 
with the others. The mean of the remaining three I^*s (.078) 
is therefore used as a rough approximate ion to th^ true value 
of at 44 r . The very low precision of the Warm integral 
in J-8, L, affects :n some degree the reliability of Xi, 
whose position is fixed by the intersection of the Warm and 
Cold curves; the value of the corresponding L Q (-.061), there¬ 
fore, while quite comparable to the others In that column, 
is hardly so reliable as they. 

The smooth curve fitted to the observed values closely 
resembles an hyperbola and might have been treated as such; 
instead, the data wore divided into three groups for adjust¬ 
ment: 16°-24°, 24°-32°, 32 r -40°. The adjustment is also 
given for L Q frati 32 c to 44 f and acr©«a closely with that 






. • 








i . 




, . 











>< 



. . :(♦ td 

- o cdt I 

■ 

■ 

, 

' ^ I 


~n a.- 

- 11 - 

from 32 tJ to 40°i but at 44* being a more approximation 
cannot be admitted to adjustment. The equations for 16<-24 0 
and 32*-40° are found by the usual leaot-equare method of 
deriving the most probable rectilinear adjustment to an ob¬ 
served set of values. It *111 be noted that the linear ad¬ 
justment in all cases fits the actual figureo neatly; the 
discrepancy never exceeds .001° except in the L c -adjustment 
from 32° to 44°, where in one case it equals .002°. The in¬ 
terval P4 t, -32<' not being line r, a uadratic curve with three 
unknowns is found to fit it; the miniisn.1 point of this curve 
ia determined, in the usual w*y, by equating the first de¬ 
rivative to r.ero and solving for x. It rill be noted that 
the minima for both 1^ and Z Q lio within about one degree of 
28 *. 

The Weber ratio ia given in each case to the nearest 
.0008, and is seen to range from ,0038 to .0050, ^Ib ia the 
lowest fraction ever reported far eny sense, but is closely 
confirmed by observers 0 end If in the method of limit , 32^- 
44 »; see below, p. 13? . As might perhaps be expected, the 
slope-lines ’round off* at the minimal point instead of 
meeting sharply at nn angle. 

The question still remains: To tfcla grour of limens, 
as determined, what degree of reliability any onfelybe at¬ 
tached? Thia has been determined by the method shown in the 
three tables (14 to 16), one for L*, one for L c , andone for 



Combined Reliability of the net of Interval^BifTerences 







If* 

Validity of 
Plff. 

Ratio 

44° 

I 

Value 

PE 

1 

uncertain 

Diff. 

PB 

3) 

Tor 

Against 

Against/ 

For 

40® 

.156 

.0680 

.039 

.0689 

..56 

.647 

.353 

,546 

36® 

.117 

.0117 

.038 

.0145 

2.63 

.962 

.038 

.040 

sa® 

.079 

.0086 

.008 

.0120 

.65 

,670 

.330 

.493 

28® 

.071 

.0088 

.010 

.0127 

.77 

.698 

.302 

.433 

24® 

.081 

.0094 

.031 

.0141 

2.20 

.931 

. 069 

.074 

20® 

.112 

• 0106 

.031 

.0204 

1,50 

.844 

.186 

.185 


The product of six ratios ® .000064, making less than? chances 
in 100,000 that differences of this else rmd uniformity of 


direction would have occurred by chance 
































* •%*> • 




* / I 






■, 


, 




V ' . • J • 






















« 
































■//V- 

13- 


TABLE IB 

Combined Reliability of the Set of Successive Differences Be¬ 
tween Warn Linens 







Diff. 

Validity of 
Diff. 

Ratio 



pe l. 

Diff. 

PB b 

**D 

Bor 

Against 

Against/ For 

44° 









40° 

.081 

.0399 

.018 

.0409 

.44 

.617 

.383 

.621, 

36° 

• 062 

.0086 

.022 

.0108 

£.01 

.912 

.088 

. .096 

32* 

• 041 

.0065 

.003 

.0092 

.27 

.572 

.428 

.748 

28® 

.038 

.0065 

.001 

.0089 

.09 

.524 

.476 

.908 

24o 

.039 

• 0061 

• 015 

.0092 

1.58 

.857 

.143 

.167 

20° 

.054 

.0069 










.013 

.0136 

.99 

.748 

.262 

.337 

16* 

.067 

.0117 








The product of the six ratios *. .00228, making 23 chances in 
10,000 that differences of this sine and uniformity of direc¬ 
tion would have resulted by chance. 










„...... . . I ' •* • 




V 1 , (■ . • - - • 


ft. 9* 









. 












VL 















- ns- 

-14- 


T^BLK 16 

Combined Reliability of the Set of Successive Differences Be* 
tween Cold Listens 


Validity of 







Piff. 

PiJff. 

Ratio 



PK t 

Biff. 

PS D 


Per 

Against 

Against/For 

440 

,088 

.0328 










!oi3 

.0640 

.20 

.554 

.446 

.805 

40® 

.075 

.0540 










.020 

.0556 

.37 

.599 

.401 

.669 

36' 

.055 

.0080 










.017 

.0098 

1.70 

.874 

.126 

.144 

32® 

.038 

.0057 










.005 

.0079 

.68 

,677 

.323 

.477 

28® 

.033 

.0054 










.009 

.0090 

.99 

.748 

. 252 

.337 

24® 

.042 

.0072 










.016 

.0108 

1.55 

.852 

.148 

.174 

20 ® 

.058 

.0081 










.018 

.0153 

1.13 

.777 

.223 

.287 

16® 

.076 

.0130 








The product of the seven ratios • ,000622, making less than ff 
chances in 10,000 that differences of this aise and uniformity 
of direction would have resulted by chance. 





- // 6 - 

-15- 

the interval (1^ * L c ). The difference of each Ilmen from 
the one next to It la shown, together with the p,e. of the 
difference. We can thus determine. In the usual way, the 
likelihood, that la,the number of chances in a thousand, 
that a difference of this else and direction is 'valid* and 
the likelihood that it la due to 'chance'. We next divide 
the number of chances opposed to the validity of the differ- 
enoe by the number n its favor. How, if the size and di¬ 
rection of the successive differences were determined pure¬ 
ly by chance, the product of these ratios would approximate 
unity; h nee their actual product is a convenient index of 
the likelihood that the eet of ratios would result from 
chance. In the product of the six ratios equals .00228, 
in L c the product of seven ratios equals.000622, in the in¬ 
tervals the product equals .000064. There are thus a little 
over two chances in a thousand that the Warm liaena would, 

I 

by chance, have increased regularly on each side of the 
minimal value at 28° by the amounts here found; in the 

case of L* there are something over 6 chances in 10,000; 

c 

for the intervals, finally, the chances reduce to less than 
7 in lOOpoO, Further, these probabilities in favor of 
chance may be looked upon as liberal, sines they arc based 
only upon the else (and direction) of the differences in 
terms of their p,e.*s; the likelihood that these differences. 


. * p r : 

‘ 

• • 

. ? • >* • . a v.l d'fc • •>* .•• • 

. 


-// 7 - 

- 16 - 

in absolute value, should, by pure ohance, bo oloaely to Uow 
the well-defined uniformity which our rlueu exhibit, is 
assuredly very much less; but the writer knows no method 
of reducing this to quantitative terms. In any event, the 
else of the probabilities, together with the fact that the 
beber ratios for the intervnls are closely confirmed by two 
other observers in the method of limits, nay serve toehow 
that our results may be accepted as reliable, 

A matter of some interest and consequence appears In 
Table 17, which «hows the mean value of Xi at each temper¬ 
ature and, just bene-th, the excess of w over C judgments 
at the s'une level, (cf. Table a). It will be recalled that 
table 8 was compiled for the purpose of determining whether 
V? and C Judgm nts in the various sets of data appeared about 
equally often, whether the sets were, in that respect, 

' symmetrical* • A preponderance of v,-judgment a, for example, 
might easily induce a tendency for 0 to respond with W, and 
thus artificially lower the L^. be are now able to approach 
the question with new light, from the value Xi. The table 
reven1e the curious fact that, in every case but one where W 
differs from C, the sign of Xi is opposed to that of (W -C). 
At 16°, for example, the mean value of Xi is -.006°j this 
me^ns that, apart from time- or space-errors, the comparison 
jar, when .006° below the standard, is as likely to be judged 




-I/?- 

-17- 


TAB IE 17 


Values of for 

the 

Four 

Time- 

Space 

Combinations 


28© 

24© 20® 

16® 

20® 

24® 

28® 

44® 

40® 36® 

32® 28® 

m 

4 4 

m 

m 

m 

4 

V 

m m 

m *» 

.009 

.003 .005 

,006 

.011 

.012 

.004 

.070 

.049 .020 

.019 .015 


Mean Percentage-Frequencies of W and C Judgments: Table 8 

4 - 44 + 4 - 444 

1-C ,07 .03 .00 .02 .03 .09 .04 .16 .10 .08 .10 .00 


The upper section of this table gives the mean of the 
four values of Xi (one for each time-epace combination) at each 
temperature-level in Constant method A. 

The lower section is taken from Table 8 and shows the 
percentage of Warmer Ainus the percentage of Colder Judgments at 
each temperature. For example, at 16°, .38 of all Judgments are 
Warmer and .36 are colder; hence W - C * .02. 


/ 


% 


•18- 

Warmer as Cooler; and, when equal to the standard, will he 
estimated Warner more often than Cooler. Taken alone,this 
fact would imply that some tendency is favoring the W-judg- 
nwnt; and the Inference seems to he confirmed by the fact 
that W-Judgments were in excess at that level. In 9 cases 
of 10, where W differs from C, the table exhibits this op¬ 
posed relation: when W-Judgments are in excess, Xi falls 
below .00°; when C la larger than 1, Xi rises above ,00°. 

The only exception to this rule appears in the final 2B* J of 
Group I, where both figures are positive. Inasmuch as the 
lioena for this 3° were not admitted to our graph, because 
of t elr anomalous character and high p.e.'s, this exception 
hardly deserves much weight. The two caees where W ® C show 
some departure of Xi from .00® (once +.00B r , again -.015°). 
In these two oases the tendency may be merely a •hang'-over* 
from the preceding series. In any event, a real inverse cor 
relation seems to exist; in other words, even when W and C 
differed but little, some degree of expectation or habitua¬ 
tion was apparently induced. 

The question follows: Will not a tendency of this 
sort comiromise the reliability of our limensY To which 
may be replied that Xi corrects for the tendency, as well 
as revealing it. If G’s Judging is affected with a real 
W-tendenoy, the resultant 1^ will be too small; but l c will 












cam 1 


J • 





o * *# d - $o v «•. nr iff . ‘ »•* t *' *®* V -* rf 

. 


U ' 

• l % • ' v 

‘ . 9 *- ■'■* BO'J 

* - *t 9* 





- /a a - 

-19- 


be too large, presumably in equal, or nearly the same, 
degree. Hence, the crude llmens will Indeed be wrong; but 
the position of Xi is a clear and convenient index of the 
degree of displacement. The usefulness of Xi is thus shown 
in revealing and eliminating a source of error, which the 
mere combining of the four time-space orders would not touch 
at all* 

We tum now to the time- and space-errors, as given 
for both crude and corrected llmens in Table 18, In a coord 
with Pechner’s usage,* 1 a time-error is here denominated 


1. Cf. Titchener: Experimental Psychology, Instructor’s Manual, 
quantitative (1905): p.272. 


positiv e when it adds to the apparent temperature of the 
first stimulus, so that 0 tends to rate it warmer than he 
otherwise would; when it serves to subtract from the apparent 
temperature of the first stimulus, the error is called nega¬ 
tive, Likewise, a space-error is positive when it adds to 
the apparent temperature of the left jar, negative when it 
subtracts from the apparent temperature of the left Jor, 

An inspection of Table 18 will show that, in the case 
of the crude llmens, the time-errors (practise scries omitted) 
are uniformly positive at the cooler levels (16° - 28®) and 
uniformly negative at the wanner levels (44° - 28°), The 









itau . Ti 

■ 


■ ;!A fl 




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- 20 - 


5 ! 

fi 



3 

c 


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H SS 08 


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- 

- 21 - 


principal component of the time-error here is the cooling or 
warning of the judging surface upon passing through the air 
from the first stimulus-jar to the second. When the hands are 
adapted to water below the temperature of the surrounding air, 
they are slightly warmed upon mowing through it, where e the 
second jar seems a little cooler than it would otherwise have 
done. The first jar is thus rated too warm, relatively, and 
the error is positive. The reverse holds when the air cools 
the hand. As might be anticipated, the error is greatest at 
the extreme temperatures - 16° on one side and 40° - 44° on 
the other; the error does not, however, decrease uniformly 
from these extremes to the medial temperatures (28 e - 32°) 
for at least two reasons: 1) The air-temperature rmged 
from about 20° to 35° while these data were being gathered 
(February 10 - August 11), so that the degree of warming or 
cooling varied greatly at different stages; 2) The time- 
error includes other components in addition to the disturbance 
of adaptation from exposure to the air. 

The space-errors show no uniformity of size or direc - 
tlon; in 1^ (practise series omitted), 5 are positive and 
5 are negative, in I> 0 , 4 are positive and 6 negative. 

In the corrected limens the errors (especially the 
time-errors) are naturally much reduced. They do not entire¬ 
ly disappear, however, for the reason that the limens in the 
two opposed time-orders, S-J and J-S, never exactly agree; 










-/A 3- 

- 22 - 


coraparioon of the two therefore always yields some error, 
positive or negative. Practise series omitted, the time- 
order J-S has a smaller than does 8-J in 8 cases out of 
10, and a smaller L c in 7 cases out of 10. 

Constant Method B 

These data are shown in the tables under B; for ex¬ 
ample, B I - 28*. 

By this method, the hands upon leaving the adaptation- 
jar were simultaneously immersed, after a two-second interval, 
the right hand in the right stimulus-jar and the left hand in 
the left jar. If the compnriaon jar (J) was on the left, the 
judgment, as given, applied to it and is here recorded under 
L; if the standard wns on the left, the judgment applied 
to the right Jar and was tabulated under R. AW under £ 
indicates, therefore, that the left hand, when immersed in a 
com;arison-jar to the left of the standard, felt warnr than 
did the right hand in the standard; a W under R, likewise, 
indicates that the right hand, lrumersed in a compari® n-jar 
to the right of the standard, felt warmer than did the left 
hand in the standard. ?he other details of procedure are 
the same as in method A above. 

Let the reader consult figure 6, giving the graphs 
and adjustment equations for these data. Ho values for 44 c 
are available; the range 16* - 40° was covered apart from 





















































































































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-24- 


praotise series. The figures for 28® are anomalous, how¬ 
ever, and cannot be compared with the others for^tsaojrea- 
eone: 1) The figures are much higher than any others in 
the set, being about twice as large as those for 24° and 32°, 
adjoining. Consider this table: 




p.e. 


p.e. 

p.e. 

24® 

.066 

.016 

-.067 

.016 

.132 .023 

28® 

• 136 

.033 

-.108 

.026 

.244 .042 

32® 

.059 

.010 

-.C 66 

.011 

♦125 .014 


The course of the adjustment curves would lead us to expect 
a smaller value at 28*, such as we found in method A, than 
at either 24° or 32°; instead of that, the actual values are 
almost twice as 1nrge. 2) These figures for 28® average 

higher than those for the initial at the very beginning 

of practise, where was .116, h Q was -.109, the interval 
being .226. 3) The p.e.*a for the (crude) limene of 28® 

are from two to three times as large as those for the ad¬ 
joining values (of. table above). We thus seem Justified 
in rejecting these values as wholly unreliable; unfortunate¬ 
ly, we have no other values to use in their stead. 

The relative also of the V.arm end Cold liraens at 40° 
is also open to question. The interval (1^ - !• } agrees 
well with the values at 32® and 36®; but, whereas at these 











. 







. 

: ' . 


. 






. 

. 




' 



. 















- 25- 


points the cold linens exceed the warm, at 40» the cold 
Ilmen falls far below the warm. Note the table: 



\ 

**C 

I 

32® 

.059 

-.066 

.125 


.068 

-.074 

.142 

40 o 

.088 

-.062 

.150 


The reason for this is to be found here: the oise of a cor¬ 
rected linen is inversely proportional to its precision, h; 
that is, 9 h c The following table gives the values 

of + h c (that is, their difference in absolute value, 
h c being negative) for the whole of method £. It will be 
seen that, in row L, practise series being disregarded, the 
figure at 40° (-.006) is twice as large any other in that 
row and opposed in sign to any other except the oho at 23°, 
whose values, we saw above, were too unreliable to be used. 
The fact that h*, in this one case, is so much smaller in 
absolute value than h c , means that the for that tempera-* 
ture is correspondingly enlarged. It will be noted also 
that, in the other space-order R, h^ and h c are equal in 
absolute value at 40°; and that, except for practise aeries, 
the R-velue is regularly less than the corresponding L-value, 
but at 40 c is greater by .006. Ve seem justified, therefore. 


-/-? 7 - 

-26- 


in looking upon these two llmene as open to doubt. As a 
result, no aoourate adjustment to this value was attempted; 
a linear adjustment is shown for the warm and eold listens 
from 32 c to 40°, but has little significance In each case. 

28 44 40 36 32 28 

- - .006 .002 .002 .001 

- - .000 .000 .002 .002 


Practise 

28 24 20 16 20 24 
Xi .006 .001 .003 .002 .002 .001 
R .002 .001/.003 .001 .004 .001 


For all other values both the logarithmic andr ecti- 
linear adjustment equations are given; it will be noted that 
the logarithmic curve gives a nenter fit in every case. Upon 
comparing these results with thoee from Constant method A, 
we note several differences of interest: 1) A much lower 
Man increase in the llmens from medial to extreme tempera¬ 
tures, than in A. Compare these figures: 


L, L C 



A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

16° 

.067 

.077 

f .076 

-.080 

.143 

.157 

20© 

.054 

.077 

-.058 

-.078 

.112 

.155 

24© 

.039 

.065 

-.042 

-.067 

.081 

.132 

32© 

.041 

.059 

-.038 

-.066 

.079 

.125 

36© 

.062 

.068 

^ .055 

-.074 

.117 

.142 

40© 

.081 

.088 

-.075 

-.062 

.156 

.150 


The liraens are widely different at 24° and 32° but of ap¬ 
proximately the same size at 16° and 40°. 


hile disermination 










-/a? - 

-27- 


by method B, is therefore distinctly lees accurate in the 
medial range, It Is almost as good at the extremes. 2) A 
logarithmic increase in B, a rectilinear in A. In other 
words, by method B, the limens increase at first rapidly 
then more slowly, as we go toward the extremes. 

In explanation of these differences, the writer can 
offer only a few facts and suggestions. That method B should, 
in general, give a larger limen might be expected; in method 
A, both hands are exposed to each stimulus, in method B, only 
one. As will be seen later, at 32 s with equal practise for 
each hand, the left hand, alone, gave an interval of uncer¬ 
tainty of .186°,the right hand, alone, one of .394*. If we 
may assume that the sensitivity of the hands to thermal im¬ 
pressions is inversely proportional to the size of these inter¬ 
vals, then E-O’s left hand was 2.1 times ns sensitive as his 
right, when both hands are used together, their discriminative 
power seems to equal, approximately, that of the more sensitive 
hand. Thus, practise being equal, the following figures were 


secured at 32°: 


L c 

I 

Left hand alone 

.079 

-.107 

.186 

Both hands 

.080 

-.100 

.180 


When the hands are simultaneously immersed in different Jars, 
however, 0*s discriminative ability obviously depends on both 




-28- 


and may be taken as the mean of the two; In this case, 1.55. 

It is curious to note that if we multiply the intervals at 
32° and 24° (method A) by 1.55, we get .123 and .126, respec¬ 
tively, which agree well with the actual figures in B of ,126 
and .132. We now come to the second question: Why do the 
linens in method B increase by a logarithmic rather than a 
linear curve, as in method A? On this point the writer can 
merely venture a guess. At levels near skin-temperature, 
adaptation is relatively quick and easy; when simultaneously 
immerged, therefore, in Jars differing by, tny, .10°, the 
hands tend rapidly to approach indifference, the thermal qual¬ 
ity fades out quickly, and discrimination is correspondingly 
hampered. At extreme temperatures (16° or 40®) adaptation is 
slow and perhaps never complete; a difference in thermal qual¬ 
ity will therefore persist longer and thus facilitate discrimin¬ 
ation; hence, the linens would tend to increase more slowly as 
we depart from skin-temperature. If this explanation is cor¬ 
rect, method A may also be affeoted by this factor, though in 
smaller degree. 

The space-errors for the crude limens are predominant¬ 
ly negative at the cooler temperatures and positive at the 
higher ones (of. Table below). A principal faotor in the 
space-error is the greater sensitivity of the left hand, above 
noted. For example, at 16®, if the left hand *ere in water 






....... . . 1 









' 















,. - . ■ ■ v, • • ‘ v 






- / 3 O- 

-29- 




.061° warmer than was the right hand, the two hands would 
he Judged equally cool. At higher temperatures the opposed 
effect appears - the warmth ie more pronounced to the left 
hand than to the right. In the corrected linens this factor 
of sensitivity is presumably eliminated; what differences 
still remrin are due to differences in the size of the 
llmene in the opposed space-orders. 


Space-Errors for Crude and Corrected Linens (Method B). 
Practice 



28® 24® 


A A 

Crude 

L. .017 .040 


- A 

Llmene 

L c .032 .029 


20° 16® 20® 24® 28° 
.030 .031 .068 .035 

A 

.011 .051 .021 .015 


44® 40° 36° 

+ * 

.091 .061 

+ A 

.099 .061 


32® 28® 

.008 .059 

A - 

.012 .068 


Correc- + a a a 

ted L .012 .003 .016 .006 .012 .007 

- | - + A A 

Linens L„ .037 .008 ,.003 .006 .035 .013 


- A 


.018 .002 
- + 
.010 .002 


.002 .013 

A A 
.002 .004 


Constant Method C 

The data by this method are shown in the tables under 
C; e.g. C 1, 32®. 

The method here was in all respects the same as in £ 
above, except that In all oases the hands were adapted to 
32° in a special adaptation-jar. The left hand was always 
immersed In the left stimulus-Jar; when the comparison-jar 
was to the left the judgment was recorded under L; when the 
standard was on the left, the judgment is shown under R, 









-A?/- 

-30- 


The data by this method are extremely fragmentary; 

In addition to the practise aeries, only three temperatures 
were covered. The data are summarized below: 




pe 


pe 

I 

pe 

32® 

.113 

.015 

-.142 

.021 

.255 

.026 

28® 

,375 

.099 

-.387 

.103 

.762 

.143 

48® 

.133 

.029 

-.113 

.025 

.246 

.039 

36® 

,242 

.093 

-.201 

.081 

.443 

.123 

32® 

.057 

.012 

-.078 

.019 

.135 

.023 


The size 

of the 

limens and 

of the 

p.e.'a both clearly 


show how uncertain discrimination becomes when it proceeds 
at a temperature widely differing from the one to which the 
hands are adapted. Perhaps the only point of special inter¬ 
est is the small values nt 48 c , which is farthest removed 
from the adaptation-level. These are due to the factor of 
pain which first clearly emerges at 48° and will be commented 
on later (see p. l3(o ). 

The space-errors are shown below. As in ^ above, the 
greater sensitivity of the left hand produces large positive 
errors at the higher levels. 









/ 














• * 












u. , 



f 






■ 


<> 11 . i ) - «• 





*31- 


Space-Errors for Crude and Corrected limens (Method C). 



32 

28 

24 

20 16 20 24 28 48 44 40 36 

32 28 


- + 

- 



♦ 

♦ 

• 


.032 

.130 



.140 

.250 

.059 


+ 

- 





• 

L 

0 

.034 

.357 



.119 

.343 

.078 


e» 

* 



•r 

m 



.017 

.096 



.016 

.074 

.008 


m 

m 



e» 


a. 

L o 

.015 

.122 



.005 

.019 

.027 





Constant Method X> 





The 

data 

are 

reproduced in the 

tables under 

E. 



This 

i method was in all respects 

the same as 

£ above, 


except that a single hand only was used, and also only the 
one time-order, 3-J. 

15ata were secured at only one temperature (32®), in the 
earj.y stages of practise, for the purpose of comparing the 
sensitivity of the two hands. The figures are: 




p.e. 


p.e. 

X 

p.e 

left hand 

.079 

,017 

-.107 

.024 

.186 

.029 

Right hand 

.056 

.022 

-.338 

.140 

.394 

.141 


The true limens cannot be determined, since only one time- 
order was used; but the intervals show that the left hand 
was 2.1 times as sensitive as the right, if discriminative 
power is inversely proportional to the size of the intervale 
of uncertainty. The p.e.’s also reveal the greater pre- 























. 


• • 

















.i 4 






























• . 


c.;o. 

• . ■ 














elslon of the left hand* 


"/*<?- 

-32- 


Preliminary Datn by the Method of limits 
The following ditto were secured during one summer- 
session from four O'e, 1 «nd were preliminary to the main body 


1, These observers were: Wise Vitus Mulvey nnd Mies Bertha 
Lively, summer-session otudents, each with & considerable 
amount of previous work in Psychology; Karl Kmeutor, 
who had several previous courses in Peychology; and 
Professor L. R. Oeiasler, teaching in the summer-session, 
who was by far the best-trained observer in the group. 

To all these persons, and in especial degree to Dr. Oeissler, 
the writer wishes here also to acknowledge his indebtedness. 


of material above presented. Three forms of the method of 
Limits were used, distinguished by the letters A, C, and £, 
which are defined in the notes to the tables, 

Five jars were used, the central one being for adapta¬ 
tion to 32“. On Its left was a standard, kept constant at 
the temperature under investigation (32° to 48“); on the left 
of thie standard was the variable jar. On the right of the 
adaptation jar woe another standard, with a variable to its 
right. The two space-orders could thus be used, varialle to 
left and to right of standard. Both standards were always kept 
at the same level. The temperature of the variable was 
raised by Beans of a large electric henter-lamp, Rnd lowered 









_ „ --—- - 





. 















-/3V- 

-33- 


\>y raerms of a container with melting ice so placed in the 
Jar as not to disturb 0*s hands, 

A descending series began with variable distinctly 
warmer than standard, passing down through a range of 
•Equality* or *Ko difference* until the Judgment Cooler 
was given. The seconding series went from distinctly cooler, 
to warmer. The point midway between the laet farmer* and 
the first *Equel*, in a down-series, was taken ae the •turn¬ 
ing-point* or Warm listen for that series; likewise, the point 
midway between the last ‘Equal* ana the first ‘Cooler* served 
as the cold limen. Regularly, in one hour, four down nnd 
four up series were taken, making eight detencinations of each 
limen. 1th each mean in the tables is given the number of 
cases on which it is based. 

The procedure in these experiments was not so defin¬ 
itely standardized ae in the Constant method, above reported. 
The time of exposure to each stimulus was approximately con¬ 
stant for each 0, but was not subject to exact regulation by 
a metronome. In methods A and E, only one time-order was 
used, from standard to variable; the time-error being thus 
unknown, the true lioens cannot be determined; but the 
•Equality* intervals (corresponding to the ’Intervals of 
Uncertainty* (l^ - I^Un our previous results) are available 
for analysis and comparison. 


' 




■ 


. 

. 

- 




-/3S~- 

-34- 


Kotice first the results under Method A, which is 
Analogous to Constant method A, Here both hands were ex¬ 
posed, first to standard, then to variable; adaptation to 
the same temperature as the standard. The 0*a, Ceissler 
and Mulvey, covered the range from 32“ to 44®. The curve 
for each one, especially 0, is closely linear. The slope of 
the adjustment lines, that ia, the Weber Katio is .CG99 for 
G, .0085 for M, and .0092 for their mean. These figures 
strikingly confirm E-O’a results by the Constrnt method, 
where the slope for the intervals of uncertainty is .0096. 

It will be noted that these figures apply to the intervals 
(X* • t 0 )l as above stated, the interval ornnot be exactly 
separated into its components, and L^; but that the slope 
of their sum, in absolute value, (especially for observer 0, 
the most competent of the group) so closely accords with that 
found in the Constant method, may be taken as good additional 
evidence of the reliability of E-C*s results. It would not 
be expected that the actual aise of the intervals for J>0 
would be the same as for G or M, since their absolute sensi¬ 
tivity differs, and the methods are not the same. 

V?e turn now to method E, which differs from method A 
only in the fact that the hands were adapted to 32 c in all 
oases. All four O' a covered the range from 32° to 48° by 






-/ 3 £- 

-35- 


thls method. The curve8 are here shown in two groups on 
the basis of general resemblance. Character!etio of those 
for 0 and if is a moderate rise from 36<’ to 44°, with a pro¬ 
nounced ’jump’ at 48 c ; with X and L, *e find a much sharper 
rise from 32° up to a maximum, followed by a pronounced drop. 
This difference, which at first looks very curious, may, in 
the writer*s opinion, he explained as follows: At 48° pain 
becomes prominent; this was repeatedly mentioned by the 0's. 

If it affects the process of judging at all, it may prove 
either an aid or a hindrance. 1) As a hindrance. If 0's 
temperature-criteria are well in hand, then the emergence of 
other (secondary) ones may easily be disturbing, at 3e*st for 
a time. Observer G reported, on at least three days of the 
four at 48°, that the pain served as one , or as the , criterion 
of judgment. The limen at 48° io thus no longer comparable 
with the preceding ones at 32«-44®. In the case of G ( and 
also M), the p«in*intensities may have been intrinsically 
harder to discriminate, or harder owing tpiacfc of practise and 
familiarity with them as criteria. In any event the introduc¬ 
tion of the pain quality obviously proved disturbing to the 
thermal criteria, without supplying others equally accurate. 

2) The pain may be an aid to judging, on the contrary, if 0*s 
temperature-criteria are less refined or conoistent. This 



-/3 7 - 

-36- 


aemaed to be especially true in the case of observer L. Her 
work throughout was erratic; she was extremely conscientious, 
but never seamed to be quite sure of her criteria. For ex¬ 
ample, after having given several 'Equals* she would ask K 
to change them to 'farmers*; or in a descending series, after 
having changed from Warmer to Equal, she would revert to 
Warmer for several judgments. To her the added factor of pain, 
or stinging, seemed a distinct help. She reported once that 
it was "easy to tell differences (at 48*}; uses pain sensation 
rather often." Again she reported that on one day she tried 
to "disregard the stinging sensation and judge only from tem¬ 
perature quality by not keeping hands in water long enough for 
stinging sensation to develop"; her mean Equality interval 
for that day was 1.372 as compared with .860 before - an in¬ 
crease of almost 60#. We may conclude, therefore, that, with 
L (and presumably also with X), the pain criteria were o use¬ 
ful supplement to the thermel ones. 

Owing to the pain-factor at 48°, only the values from 
32« to 44* were used for adjustment. It will be seen that 
the logarithmic adjustment fits every one of the four curves, 
and their mean?, more closely than does the rectilinear . The 
curve for L fits both adjustment-curves very badly, as might 
perhepB be expected from the uncertain character of her judg* 










-/3S~ 

-37- 


lng; the other three give quite a good approximation to the 
logarithmic; distinctly better, in each case, than the recti¬ 
linear. The question no* arises: How explain the logarithmic 
course of these curves? It must be remembered that in this 
method the hands are adapted to 32°, while the standad ranges 
from 32° to 48°; in passing from adaptation to standard, 
therefore, 0 encounters an increase of 4° to 16®. We have 
here a kind of analogy with Fechner’a formulation of Weber’s 
law, to the effeot that sensation-intensity increases in pro¬ 
portion to the logarithm of the stimulus; if a rise of 4° 

(32° to 36°) enlarges the listens by a certain amount, we should 
expect an additional rise of 4° (32° to 40°) to increase them 
by a somewhat smaller amount, and a third rise of 4®, by a 
smaller amount still. The rectilinear inorease in the llmens, 
found in method A, Is thus modified to a logarithmic one by 
the disturbing effect of the increasing distance between 
adaptation and standard temperature. 

In method C, which is analogous to Constant method C, 
one hand le exposed to the standard and the other to variable, 
simultaneously; adaptation to 32° in all cases. The curve 
for L here again departs widely from that of the other 0; 
the logarithmic adjustment is better for K, and the mean of 
K and L, while linear and logarithmic are about equally good 
for L. Hone of the adjustments fit well here. The logarithmic 






., A f*«f^»v f* « of &**«"*»»* tur*d 



- 13 ?- 

-38- 


course might be expected here, for the same reasons as in 
method E above, there being the a me increasing distance 
between adaptation and standard temperature. 

In addition to time- and space-errors, the method of 
Ximite uaually involves an error of •expectation*. In a 
descending series, for example, 0 knows that he is approach¬ 
ing equality, and may therefore change his judgment from 
•farmer* to *Bqual* sooner than he would have done on the 
basis of the sense-impression alone. This error of expecta¬ 
tion is here tabulated as: (Down-Ilmen minus Up-limen) di¬ 
vided by 2; the error is positive, therefore,whenever the 
change (from W to E, or E to C) in a down-aeries appears at 
a higher point than the corresponding change (E to W, or C 
to S) in an up-series. 

Reference to the tables will show that only one 0 has 
a consistent space-error; M uniformly overestimates the 
variable on the left; this uniformity appears also in her 
data by method A. The writer does not know how this was 
Caused - perhaps by some difference in the method of immers¬ 
ing the hands. In method C, observer L shows a positive 
apace-error throughout, while X*s is predominantly negative. 
A principal factor here is the difference in sensitivity of 
the two hnndn. L*s positive error shows that her left hand 
was more sensitive to warmth than was her right - a fact 



-40- 


confirmed by her introspection. K’a right hand, on the con¬ 
trary, seems more sensitive than his left. 

The errors of expectation reveal a striking difference: 
those of L and K are, in nearly all cases, positive; those 
of 0 and H are, almost without exception, negative. L and K, 
therefore, reveal the influence of expectation, antid pation; 
while G and M shoe a perseveratlve, conservative tendency. 
Whether, or in what way, these opposed tendencies affect the 
acouracy of discrimination, cannot be determined from the 
data. 0 snd li were, in the writer’s opinion, the best obser¬ 
vers in the group; and the conservative tendency vhi<fc they 
reveal may perhaps be taken as the sign of careful observing. 































































































































































































































































































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• 1 * 




CHAPTER VI 

SUMMARY of conclusions 

1. With constant stimulus-differences (method A), 
the two hands being successively exposed to standard and 
comparison-stimulus, both Warm and Cold limens Increase 
from a minimal value near 28° toward each extreme at 16° 
and 44°. The values increase with great uniformity and 
yield the following Weber ratios: 


16® - 24® 32® - 40® 


Warm limens (L^) 

.0035 

.005 

Cold Limens (L Q ) 

.004 

.0045 

Intervals (l^-L c ) 

.0075 

.0095 




The series of values on which these ratios are based has 
high reliability. 

2. In the method of equivalents with constant stimu¬ 
lus-differences, the right and left hands being simultaneous¬ 
ly exposed one to standard and one to comparison stimulus, a 
logarithmic curve is found to fit most closely the values 
for 16° - 24® and 32® - 40®. 

3. With the method of Limits, form A (directly analogous 
to constant method A in 1. above), the *eber ratio for the 
mean of two observers is .0092 (for the range 32* to 40*) as 
compared with .0093 above. The values in 1. are thus closely 
confirmed by other 0’ a using another method. 




- 2 - 


4. iith the method of limits, adaptation to 32®, 
logarithmic curves are found to fit moet closely thevnlues 
for the range 32° • 40®, An explanation for thia is offered. 

5. Pronounced time-errors are found in thoee methods 
which involve successive exposure, because the hands are 
warmed or cooled in passing through the air; space-errors 
are neither unifoim in direction nor large in amount. 

6. A marked difference in the sensitivity of the two 
hands appears in several cases. 

7. The error of 'expectation* in the method of limits 
was of opposite sign in the two groups of observers; the one 
tending to make an 'expected* change early, the other to make 
it late. 

8. The point XI, at which the probability of a warm 
Judgment equals that of a cold one, was found very useful 
in revealing and correcting certain errors not otherwise 
eliminable. 

9. Various departures from customary psychophysical pro¬ 
cedure were used and shown to be feasible. 



CHAPTER VII 


APPKNDXX 

CONTAINING TABIKS OF PRIMARY DATA 

In making up, from the protocolo, the final summaries 
herein presented, to which the statistical treatment is ap¬ 
plied, the writer broached a problem of no little consequence, 
to whose solution long and careful consideration was devoted. 
Inasmuch as the temperature of the same jar usually underwent 
changes of one or more hundredths degree in the course of an 
afternoon, as revealed by successive readings or check©, the 
two-fold question arose: 

1) What temperature shall be assumed for an hour in which no 
reeding was taken? 

2) How widely may the temperature of a jar vary from one read¬ 
ing to the next, and still be accepted as reliable? 

The answer to question 1) is fairly obvious, md was 
uniformly applied in all oases: The temperature for my hour 
is to be derived by linear interpolation between the readings 
next before and after. 

Example: If a Jar reads 36.10° at 1 pm and 36.13° at 
4 pm, the temperature at 3 pm, by this rule, 
equals 36.12°. 

question 2) is far more intricate; in nnswerto it were 
formulated, and carefully applied throughout the data, the 









. 




























. 






-ssi> - 

- 2 - 


following Criteria of Admissible Change in the ’constant* 
temperatures: 

a) If the difference between two successive readings of the 
same jar does not exceed .10°, the value for each interven¬ 
ing hour, as determined by 1) above, la used with full weight. 

Example: If a jar reads 36,06® at 1 pm and 36.09° 
at 5 pm, the interpolated values at 2 pm 
(» 36.06°), 3 pm.(*36,07°) and 4 pm (*36.08$ 
are used with full weight. 

b) If the difference between two successive readings of the 
same jar exceeds .10°, but does not e^oeed .03° per hour for 
the time that has elapsed, the value for an hour just before 
or after either reading is used with full weight; for the 
second hour before or after is used with half weight. 

Example: If a jar reads 36.06° at 1 pm and 36.16° 

at 5 pm (where the increase of .11° exceeds 
.10° but amounts to less than .03 c per hour 
for the period of 4 houre) the values, as 
found by 1) above, for the hours 1-2 and 4-6 
are used with full weight, for the hours 2-3 
and 3-4 with half weight. 

The two formulas above define the basic Units of ad¬ 
missible change, as used in tabulating our data; in addition 
were developed the following rules, for handling special 


cnees: 








1 


- v*; *** *•? 'C « ’ll +s.-om 


VC >*S5*) r:{ > nr • ' • ‘ .«■ t . 







/C ,a ., t 

. 


-AT/ ' 

-3- 


c) If only one rending of a given Betting ia available, that 
value 18 u»ed for the hour just before and after with half 
weight. 


Example: If a certain jar is read only once on a 

given Betting, say at 3 pra, that rending is 
used for the hours 2*3 and 3*4 with half 
weight; but not at all for any other hours, 

d) If the first check-reading of an afternoon agrees with 
a later one, but not with the scheduled temperature which the 
jar was to be given that day, then the value for the hour just 
before the first check i a used with half weight. 

Example: If a jar, by the original schedule, was to 

be given the temperature of 36.08°, but, on 
the first check at 2 pm, reads 36.17°, the 
discrepancy of .12° exceeds the limits fixed 
in a) and b) and would normally justify the 
rejection of the vnlue before this check; 
but if a later reading at 4 pm confirms the 
previous one, giving say 36.18°, the former 
value, 36J7°, ia used for the preceding hour. 


1-2, with half wd ght. 

e) The value for an hour just before (or after) a reading is 
used with full weight, when confirmed by the next later (or 
earlier) check and not opposed by the next earlier (or later) 






- J 6' 2 ~ 

-4- 




ch«c>; the value for the second hour before or after, under 
these conditions, ie given half weight. 

Example: If a Jar, on its firat reading at 2 pm, equals 
36.05® (the original temperature, at the 
time when the Jar was eet, not having been 
recorded) and at 5 pm equals 36.08°, which 
confirms the earlier reading; then the 2o'clook 
temperature is used for the hour, 1-2, with 
full weight, and for the hour, 12-1, with 
half weight. 

f) Values are not extrapolated, but are made equal to the 
nearest reading, so far as used at all. 

Example: If a Jar rises from 36.05° at 1 pm to 36.08° 
at 4 pm, a mem rise of .01° per hour, the 
value for 5 pm is not extrapolated to 36.09° 
on this basis, but is t^ken the s* me ns the 
figure at 4 o'clock, 

g) Values not strictly conforming to these conditions are re¬ 
jected. 

The above formulas had to be derived from general 
considerations, there being no definite, empirical .w. of 
determining Junt ho. much discrepancy, or what margin of 
possible inaccuracy, may proi.rly be tolerated. The writer 
tried, however, to make hi. criteria undeniably conservative; 


[ , ,. ....,., • . t . 


' 

1 •' • * 









-/S3 - 

- 5 - 


even at the coat, in a few c&bos, of a good many judgments. 
Let us consider the rules briefly, in order. 

1) As above pointed out (P. / ), the more important changes 

in the thermostats are gradual rather than abrupt; linear 
Interpolation, therefore, seems to be indented. 

a) Suppose that a jar reads .00° at 12 o. and .10° at 5 pm; 
the interpolated values for the four intervening hours would 
then be: .02°, .04°, .06 c , .C8 c , Assume further - what is 
moat unlikely and least favorable to our procedure - that 
the true temperature continued at .00° until Just before the 
second reading, when it rose abruptly to .10*; the discrepan¬ 
cies between the assumed and the true temperature would then 
be. In order, as above: .02% .04°, .06°, .08°; the mean 
being ,05 c . It Can thus be shown* for any interval,that 

the mean maximal discrepancy between an interpolated value 
and the true one, under the least favorable conditions, will 
not exceed .08°, and in nearly all cases will be very much 
less. 

b) If a Jar rises, for five hours, at the mean rate of .03° 
per hour, it can be shown, as in the paragraph above, that 
the mean maximal discrepancy, by the least favorable assump¬ 
tion, between an interpolated and the true temperature, will 
not exceed ,078° and will in general be much less. The 
greater range, however, makes the values less reliable; so 




\ 
































* 
























% 




0 










-/S¥ y 

-6- 

that only those for the hour Just before or after a reading 
are given full weight, while those for an hour second before 
or after are weighted one-half. This, in the writer’s 
opinion, is a conservative procedure. 

o) When only one reading of a given setting was recorded, as 
happened a few timed, there was no met*ns of knowing in what 
direction or by what rate the thermostat was changing; the 
values used, therefore, were given only half weight. 

d) This rule was devised for a few cases in which the temper¬ 
ature was not set with enough care before work began. If two 
separate readings, in the course of the afternoon, agreed 
well v ith each other but differed widely from the scheduled 
value, the natural presumption was that the fault lay, not 
with the thermostat, but in the original setting; the value 
for the hour preceding the first check was therefore used, 
though with half weight. It should be noted that, in nearly 
nil cases (cf, p ^ ), the temperatures were checked either 
at the time of setting or before any judgments were tf ken; 
this rule was needed only in a few cases where this had not 
been done. 

e) In a few cases the original setting was not recorded. If, 
in these circumstances, two separate readings during the 
afternoon agreed well with each other, thereby showing that 
the thermostats were ade 4 uately functioning, it was thought 



- tss~ 

- 7 - 

entirely proper to use the value for the hour before the 
first check at full weight, and for the hour second before 
with half weight, 

f) This rule again applied to few cases but is mentioned 
for the sake of completeness. It is well recognised that 
extrapolation, on the basis of a purely empirical curve or 
course of movement by a variable, is hazardous; there seemed 
no reason to employ it here, especially since the extra¬ 
polated value seldom varied from the one actually used by 
more than one or two hundredths. 

To conclude: the writer needs no admonition that 
weighting values, whether by zero or one-half, is precarious; 
but something of the Bort was here inevitable* Successive 
readings of the snme jar seldom ngree precisely; a thermo¬ 
stat for some reason departs from its normal degree of pre¬ 
cision; the absence of a helper deprives the record of some 
needed checks: the vicissitudes of actual work all combine 
to give unlike degrees of precision to the data. The writer 
believes that the above criteria will be accepted as reason¬ 
able anti conservative; but wishes also, in this connection, 
to recall and emphasize two facta already given in detail* 

1) The high constancy of the thermostats - that ie, their 
email me-n change per hour as shown in Table 1; this may 
serve to prove their general reliability and to justify our 





~ I •& &> - 

- 8 - 

use of some values, in accord with the rules above stated, 
which had not been checked as completely as desirable. 2) 
While the number of judgments for temperatures 40° and 44° 
is undeniably small, owing both to limited time and to the 
application of our criteria, yet the high general consistency 
of the data, as shown in Tables 9 and 10, may be taken as evl- 
dence that the final results presumably differ but little 
from the values that a larger number of cases would have 
yielded. 

A few minor details of the tabulating may here be 

noted: 

The temperature of a jar at the close of an hour, 
whether determined by actual reading or by interpolation, 
was taken as the temperature for the whole aeries occupying 
that hour. 

The temperature scheduled for any jar was always en 
integral multiple of .05®; the tables of data likewise have 
uniform intervals of .05*. An objective difference ranging 
from •.02° to +.02® was tabulated as .00°, from .03° to .07° 
as .05°, and so on. The accuracy of control did not seem to 
warrant the use of finer intervals. 

The judgment •SquaI*, which almost never appeared 
after the practise series, was tabulated as ’Doubtful*. 



-/^7 - 

-9- 

Kotce to the Tables of Data 

In the headings of the tables the capital letters A, 

B, C, B signify the method, as follows: 

A: ’The method of constant stimulus-differences; both hands 
successively exposed to S and J; each constant serving, 
in turn, ns both adaptation-jar and standard.* 

B: ’The Method of equivalents with constant stimulus-differ¬ 
ences; simultaneous exposure of one hand to S And of the 
other to J; each constant serving, in turn, as both 
adaptation-jar and standard.* 

C: *3aae ns B; except that in all eases hands are adapted to 
32° in a special adaptation-jar; each constant serving, 
now as standard, now as comparison ctimulua,’ 

D; * Same as A, except that a single hand (right or left) was 
used.’ 

Of the Roman numerals, I and II, I indicates the first 
group of temperatures employed, ranging from 32° to 16°; 

II t the second group, extending from 46° to 28% (cf. p. Zl ). 

The figures 28% 24% and so on, give the temperatures 
to which the data of the corresponding tables apply, *hen 
the same temperature was covered at two different times in 
the same group, a figure in parentheois, (1) or (2), shows 
the order in which it stood. 




-10- 


The words, "Adaptation: 3 min.," mean that an 
adaptation-period of three minutes preceded each series 
at that temperature. 

The time-order, S-J, means that the standard stimu¬ 
lus (S) preceded the one to be judged (J); J-3 reverses this 
order. L metsns that the hende, in passing from the first to 
the second timulus-jar, moved to the left; R, to the right. 
Thus, in 8-J, L, the second jar, J, vas to the left of S; 
in J-S, L, the second jar, £, w»s to the left of J. 

Of the letters, C, H, * K signifies the percentage 

of Earner judgments, C that of Colder, and H the number of 
cases to which the percentage applies. The percentage of D 
(Doubtful) judgments is not specially recorded, but in every 
Coa© equals 100 - (W + C^. 

In the left margin are given the objective stimulua- 
difforenoes, in multi lee of .05*. If, for example, jar 3 
waa .05* warmer than jar 1, a Judgment applying to 3 was 
tabulated under +.05°. 

At the right side of the page are assembled, in verti¬ 
cal lines, the values derived, by our method of statistical 
treatment, from the data on the left, is the ’measure of 
precision’ of the ’most probable* Gaussian integral mm 
that can be fitted to the ^nnasr-percantages; it equals, as 
stated above. i h 0 i» the s«me value for the Cooler- 







-/n- 

- 11 - 


percentages. is the 'Warm* Ilmen; the median, or abaciasal 
point, where the per cent of W equal# .60 in the fitted curve; 
l li the 'Cold' liraen. The p.e. of 1^ and of L c la derived 
from the correspond*!g value of h by the formula: 
p.e. » ,84565 (of. supra, p. 9 2 ). I denotea the 

'interval of uncertainty*, that is, the distance from the 
Warm to the Cold Ilmen; - L e * I. The p.e. of this inter¬ 
val is found by the usual formula, applying to two independent¬ 
ly measured quantities: p.e.j ** * P*®*®!^* ** 1® 

the 'point of subjective equality* (Urban), the point where 
the probability of & w-Judgment equals the probability of a 
C-judgment. It la here taken as the 'dividlng-pokt* between 
Warm and Cold; that la, the point from which the 'true* Warm 
and Cold Limeno are to be reokoned. The 'corrected 1 value fer 
the Warn Ilmen thus equals L* - XI, for the Cold Ilmen equals 

L - XI. Ho method of calculating the p.e. of XI has, to 

o 

the writer's knowledge, been published; so that ita p.e.,as 
well aa those for the corrected limans, are omitted. 

Preceding the tables we find a Sample iiheet, designed 
to show how the values just mentioned are computed. The 
method 'A', space-order 'H', and time-order 'J-S* have been 
explained esrlier in these notes. In the next row the letter 
•J* signifies the temperature of the comparison Jar (J) with 
































. 








































-)6v - 

• 12 - 


reference to the standard; for example, at -,05*, J ia cooler 
by ,05° than 3. The letter *x* reduces the intervale of ,05 e 
to whole units; this facilitates computation and the use of 
Urban 1 e tables, *p’ is the percentage of W and C Judgments; 
the upper figure applies to W and the lover to C; thus, at 
••05°, .09 of all judgments were W end .46 were C, ’If* is 
the actual number of judgments on which the ’p’ ia based 
(38 at -.05 ). f P* is the Urban-Miller weight; thus v^e see 
that a *p* of .09 is weighted .51 in determining the linen 
while .46 weighs .996. The remaining valuec: T , xT, x a P, 
x P, are all t^-lcen from the Urbon tables and here multiplied, 
in each case, by ». The figures for W and C, respectively, are 
then summed as shown in the rows beginning ’Totals! barm* and 
♦Cold’. The terms: b^, h c , T. % , L 0 , I, Xi, and the ’corrected* 
limans have been explained in the preceding paragraph. H w 
is the mean number of warm judgments per interval and N c of 

cold; they are needed for computing the p.e.’s from h, as 

/ 

shown above (p. f f )• 








. 






' 




• • ■ 











-/ £/« 

-13- 


8AMPLE COMPUTATION SHEET 

Temperature: 32°. Method: A. Space-order: R. Time-Order: J-S. 

Bate: 2-4.VIII. 19. 


J 

X 

P 

1? 

~F~ 

t>N 

yP 

~W 

XP 

xPK 

TFp 

x»PH 

xyP 

xyPN 

.15o 

3 

.75 

4 

.85 

3.40 

.40 

1.50 

2.54 

10.16 

7.61 

30.44 

CM 

• 

t-i 

4.84 



.00 


- 

m 

m 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

— 

.10® 

2 

.68 

22 

.92 

20.24 

.31 

6.82 

1.85 

40.70 

3.69 

81.18 

.61 

13.42 



.00 


m 

- 

- 

m 

• 

- 

- 

- 

- 

— 

.06° 

1 

.42 

24 

.985 

23.64 

J.4 

3 X 36 

.985 

23.64 

.985 

23.64 

•14 

3.36 



.08 


.47 

11.28 

.47 

11.28 

.47 

11.28 

.47 

11.28 

.47 

11728 

.00® 

0 

.12 

38 

.60 

22.80 


18*62 

*» 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 



.36 


.95 

36.10 

.24 

9:i2 

• 

m 

- 

— 

- 

m 

•.05® 

-1 

.09 

38 

.51 

19.38 

.48 

18724 

.51 

19?38 

.51 

19.38 

.48 

18.24 



.46 


.996 

37.85 

.07 

£766 

.096 

37785 

.996 

37.85 

.07 

2.66 

*.10 

-2 

.02 

28 

.19 

5.32 

.§7 

7. Ed 

.38 

10T64 

.75 

21.00 

.55 

15.40 



.84 


r 69 

19.32 

r 49 

13.72 

i;se 

38764 

2.77 

- 77.56 


:;77i6 

Totals: 

Warm 

4.055 

94.78 


-39.36 


44.48 


175.64 


48.54 


: 

Cold 

3.106 

104.55 

m 

■ 9.34 

-65.21 


126.69 

-35.78 

Vv __ 

(94.78)( 

48.64)- (-39. 

.36)( 

44,48] 

I , « 

(1 

- 022° 

) 



Nr 

194*78 it 

175,64)-(44, 

.48) 3 





,/ • 




»>e 


(44.4S)(.43a)-C-a3,36l 

(94.78U.432) 


1.431(». 072° ). 



-.483 ( 


. 024^ ) 


L o 

s . 


( 1° - 608 

&PK « 94.78 . 23.37. PE. » .8453 1 « .28 (*.01451). 

IF TToIS ** 


U e « * 33.66. PE Lc » .21(* .OIOS”). 

KEj = (.29* + .21*) * .36(*. 018 c )■ 1 * L,-L 0 * 2.239 («.2iSi). 

« -.808 ♦ 1.06 « .232 (■. PIS*) . 

Corrected Limene: Lg * L^* h • 1.431 - .252 * 1.179( c .059* n ); 

L c “-1.06 (« -. 053*1 . 





















.i •.• • 




. ■ 


+ tf • 

. • 


















' 


. 




. 




-/ 62 - 

- 14 - 

A I - 32® Adaptation: 3 min, 

8-J 





L 




R 





W 

C 

H 


W 

C 

H 


.50 






1.00 

.00 

16 


.45 


1.00 

.00 

12 


1.00 

.00 

4 


.40 






1.00 

.00 

32 


.35 






1.00 

.00 

24 


.30 


1.00 

.00 

8 


1.00 

.00 

16 


.25 


1.00 

.00 

4 


1.00 

.00 

28 


.20 


1.00 

.00 

12 


.97 

.00 

32 


.15 


1.00 

.00 

16 


.98 

.00 

52 


.10 






.94 

.00 

32 


.05 


.88 

.00 

16 


.63 

.00 

24 


.00 


.75 

.00 

12 


.50 

.00 

12 


-.06 


.67 

.00 

24 


.13 

.13 

16 


-.10 


.31 

.06 

32 






-.15 


.29 

.10 

52 


.06 

.31 

16 


-.20 


.00 

.50 

32 


.00 

.50 

12 


-.25 


.04 

.64 

28 


.00 

1.00 

4 


-.30 


.00 

.75 

16 


,00 

.88 

8 


-.36 


.00 

1.00 

24 






-.40 


.00 

1.00 

32 






-.45 


.00 

1.00 

4 


• 

o 

o 

1.00 

12 


-.50 


.00 

.94 

16 















Corrected 










limena 



h w 

h c 


PE 

L o 

PE 

I PE X.' 

L c 

S-J 

L 

.018 

-.016 

-.083 

.015 

-.241 

.017 . 

158 .023 -.157 

.074 -.084 


R 

.021 

-.016 

.008 

.015 

-.193 

.026 . 

201 .030 -.077 

.085 -.116 

ru 


.020 

-.016 

-.037 


-.117 

• 

180 -.117 

.080 -.100 










-I Li - 

- 15 - 


A I • 28 ® ( X ) 
3 -J 




L 



R 



W 

C 

N 

W 

C 

H 

.35 

1.00 

.00 

4 




.30 

1.00 

..00 

8 

1.00 

.00 

12 

.25 

1.00 

.00 

4 

1.00 

.00 

12 

.80 

1.00 

.00 

20 

1.00 

.00 

6 

.15 

1.00 

.00 

4 




.10 

1.00 

.00 

12 

.88 

.00 

8 

.05 

.55 

.10 

20 

.63 

.00 

24 

.00 

.38 

.25 

8 

.38 

.00 

8 

-.05 

.08 

.13 

24 

.25 

.20 

20 

-.10 

.00 

.00 

8 

.00 

.58 

12 

-.15 




.00 

.50 

4 

-.20 

.00 

.38 

8 

.00 

.90 

20 

-.25 

.00 

.67 

12 

.00 

1.00 

4 

-.30 

.00 

1.00 

12 

.00 

1.00 

6 

-.35 




.00 

1.00 

4 




h c 


m 


S-J L 

.027 

-.009 

.038 

.014 

-.210 

R 

.020 

-.023 

.016 

.019 

-.106 

J -8 L 

.012 

-.037 

.121 

.039 

-.037 

R 

.018 

-.013 

.094 

.025 

-.035 

/Ida* 

.019 

-.021 

.067 

.013 

-.097 


Adaptation: 3 min, 
J-8 



L 



R 


W 

C 

27 

W 

C 

H 




1.00 

.00 

4 

1.00 

.00 

6 

1.00 

.00 

4 

1.00 

.00 

10 

1.00 

.00 

6 

.75 

.00 

4 

.81 

.06 

16 




.75 

.00 

4 

.50 

.00 

4 

.58 

.08 

12 

.25 

.05 

20 

.40 

.00 

10 

.25 

.17 

12 

.17 

.50 

12 

.00 

.60 

10 

.05 

.50 

20 

.00 

.92 

12 

.00 

.75 

4 

.00 

1.00 

4 




.00 

1.00 

16 

.00 

1.00 

4 

.00 

1.00 

6 

.00 

1.00 

10 

.00 

1.00 

4 

.00 

1.00 

6 

.00 

1.00 

4 





Corrected 
Ilmens 

I 6 E /! EJ L 0 

.044 .248 .046 -,026 .064 -.184 
.018 .122 .026 -.050 .066 -.056 
.011 .158 .040 .003 .118 -.040 
.032 ,129 .041 .039 .055 -074 

,015 .164 .020 -.009 .076 -.088 








, 


. 




. 

> 






















oc. 








.1 


. 

oi . 

o . 







. 






































■V . 










• - ‘ . 












J . 








;j'0. 



. 


0 . 







. 























ss .. 



. 






61 ♦ 














, 

. 




































-/ 6 ^- 

- 16 - 


A I - 24 ° ( 1 ) 


Adaptation : 4 min . 


S-J 


J-S 




L 



B 



L 



R 




C 

H 

W 

C 

N 

W 

c 

n 

W 

C 

H 

.35 

1.00 

.00 

4 







1.00 

.00 

2 

.30 

1.00 

.00 

8 

1.00 

.00 

8 

1.00 

.00 

8 

1.00 

.00 

10 

Pfi 

.05 

.00 

22 

1.00 

.00 

16 

.90 

.00 

10 

1.00 

.00 

16 

:io 

.95 

.05 

22 

1.00 

.00 

8 

1.00 

.00 

2 

.72 

• 06 

36 

♦ 15 

.90 

.00 

26 

.94 

.00 

16 

1.00 

.00 

6 

.58 

.00 

6 

*10 

.70 

.00 

20 

.47 

.06 

17 

.64 

.04 

14 

.55 

.00 

10 

.05 

.67 

.03 

18 

.67 

.06 

36 

.36 

.06 

18 

.50 

.25 

2 

.00 

.25 

.50 

8 

.38 

.25 

8 

.38 

.13 

24 

.13 

.42 

24 

-.05 

.13 

.45 

40 

.11 

.67 

18 

.00 

1.00 

2 

.06 

.69 

18 

-.10 

.00 

.64 

18 

.13 

.56 

16 

.00 

.70 

10 

.00 

.93 

14 

-.15 

.00 

.08 

16 

.07 

.52 

22 

.00 

.83 

6 

.00 

1.00 

6 

-.20 

.00 

1.00 

8 

.02 

.80 

22 

.00 

.94 

36 

.00 

1.00 

2 

-.25 

.00 

.94 

16 

.00 

.95 

22 

.00 

1.00 

16 

.00 

1.00 

10 

-.30 

.00 

1.00 

8 

.00 

1.00 

8 

.00 

1.00 

10 

.00 

1.00 

8 

-.35 




.00 

1.00 

4 

.00 

1.00 

2 





Corrected 

limine 


hi 

h c 

h 

m 


PE 

I 

PE 

A* 


L c 

018 

-.014 

.046 

.017 

-.052 

.023 

.098 

.029 

.004 

.042 

-.056 

,015 

-.014 

.035 

.022 

-.089 

.024 

.124 

.033 

-.025 

.060 

-.064 

,011 

-.022 

.064 

.033 

-.074 

.017 

.138 

.037 

-.028 

.092 

-.046 

,015 

-.015 

.123 

.026 

4.004 

.023 

.119 

.035 

.063 

.060 

-.059 

,015 

-.016 

.067 

.013 

-.053 

.011 

.120 

.017 

. .003 

.064 

-.056 


Af 






00 . 

or •, o- . 

' 

• : 

r j. 






vao,- *oo. 

*ZV;.- 00 $. 980.- 











00,1 




< ,i 


















' • .X 0 . 




«• 


. 
















' 


























































M £ 60 . *dO. 



























• 
























0. 






- 17 - 


A I • 20 1 ( 1 ) 




L 

S-J 


E 


.55 

.40 

.30 

.25 

W 

C 

H 

W 

C 

H 

.20 

1.00 

.00 

8 

.02 

.00 

12 

.15 

.88 

.00 

16 

.83 

.08 

12 

.10 

.81 

.03 

32 

.55 

.16 

20 

.06 

.31 

.31 

16 

.40 

.15 

20 

.00 

.21 

.57 

28 

.29 

.25 

28 

•.05 

.00 

.50 

20 

.13 

.56 

16 

-.10 

.00 

.75 

20 

.03 

.75 

32 

-.15 

.00 

1.00 

12 

.00 

.75 

16 

-.20 

-.25 

-.30 

-.40 

-.55 

.00 

.83 

12 

.00 

1.00 

8 




h c PB 1> 0 

S-J L 

.027 

-.014 .058 .011 -.027 

E 

.018 

-.015 .070 .019 -.046 

J-S L 

.014 

-.011 .034 .020 -.078 

B 

.012 

-.012 .030 .024 -.074 


.018 

*.013 .053 .010 -.056 


Adaptation: 4 min. 
J-S 



L 



R 


W 

C 

N 

W 

C 

H 


. 


1.00 

.00 

4 

1.00 

o 

o 

2 

1.00 

.00 

2 




1.00 

.00 

2 




1.00 

.00 

2 

1.00 

.00 

28 

.76 

.00 

25 

.71 

.14 

28 

.94 

. 00 

31 

.83 

.00 

26 

.74 

.00 

38 

.63 

.00 

35 

‘.31 

.00 

26 

.37 

.09 

23 

.33 

.25 

24 

.25 

.33 

24 

.03 

.47 

32 

.06 

.69 

32 

.04 

.60 

26 

.09 

.64 

28 

.25 

.68 

28 

.00 

.88 

16 

.04 

.79 

28 

.00 

.75 

2 




.00 

.75 

2 




.00 

1.00 

2 

o 

o 

1.00 

2 

.00 

1.00 

4 





Corrected 
n Ilmeng 


PE 

I 

PB 

ft 

L w 

L 

c 

024 

.085 

1027 

..029 

.029 

-.056 

022 

.116 

.029 

.017 

.053 

-.063 

032 

.112 

.037 - 

-.014 

.048 

-.064 

024 

.124 

.034 -.013 

.063 

-.061 

013 

.109 

.016 

.005 

.048 

-.061 


y 














. 


















. 


• 




.. 


• 

. 


. 






- 

. 





. 

. 


. 

. 


. . 



. 


. 

.. 



. 


. 

. 


. 

. 



.. 






. 


. 






. 





































0 ). 







« 

• 

. 

. 


. 


• . 

• 

. 


- , 



C. • 



•, . 


* 
























• 


























>«•>;* €• 0 . • '■ >• 


*ao.v Ml *iu*- 


, 

f;. ••;. - . nu. 































-/64 

-18- 




A I 

L 

- 16® 

S-J 

R 

.25 

W 

C 

N W 

C 

.20 

1.00 

.00 

3 .73 

.00 

.15 

.36 

.18 

22 .74 

.00 

.10 

.30 

.30 

30 .55 

.09 

.05 

.07 

.57 

14 .63 

.17 

.00 

.06 

.44 

18 .41 

.18 

-.05 

.00 

.67 

48 .21 

.43 

-.10 

.00 

.91 

11 .17 

.47 

-.15 

.00 

.83 

23 .09 

.77 

-.20 

-.25 

.00 

.91 

11 .00 

1.00 



h. h 0 


PE 

S-J L 

.019 -.011 

.179 

.020 

R 

.011 -.019 

.040 

.028 

J-S L 

.016 -.011 

-.034 

.019 

R 

.014 -.018 

.059 

.024 

M e 

.014 -.013 

.061 

.012 


Adaptatlon: 5 min. 
J-S 



L 



R 


W 

C 

K 

W 

C 

H 

1.00 

.00 

8 

.75 

.00 

8 

.95 

.00 

20 

.86 

.00 

28 

1.00 

.00 

12 

.60 

.10 

20 

.84 

.00 

44 

.56 

.06 

16 

.47 

.07 

15 

.30 

.25 

20 

.38 

.19 

16 

.10 

.40 

4G 

.16 

.35 

20 

.08 

.67 

12 

.22 

.44 

32 

.00 

.80 

20 

.00 

.38 

8 

.13 

.75 

8 


i 


Corrected 

~Limens 

PE I FB X i \ L c 

.027 .160 .034 .112 .067 -.093 

.022 .125 .036 -.028 .068 -.087 
.030 .151 .036 -.097 .063 -.088 
.022 .134 .033 -.010 .069 -.065 
.013 .143 .017 -.006 .067 -.076 


H 

11 

23 

11 

48 

17 

14 

30 

22 

3 

+ .019 

-.085 

-.185 

-.075 

-.082 









































. 






. 

, 





. 

. 






* 






. 





. 




















cx. 



. 


. 

t t . 

II&*- 








t • iO.- 

• 





. 


.. 

(■i . - 








. 

• 















-U7- 

-19- 



A 

I - 

20° 

(2) 




Adaptation: 4 

miu. 





S-J 






J-S 





L 



R 



L 



R 



W 

C 

» 

W 

C 

H 

V 

C 

H 

V 

C 

H 

.45 




1.00 

.00 

2 







.30 




.38 

.12 

4 







.25 

.25 

.25 

4 







1.00 

.00 

4 

.20 




.20 

.33 

6 

1.00 

.00 

4 

1.00 

.00 

4 

.15 

.50 

.50 

8 

.68 

.00 

28 

.92 

.00 

36 

.83 

.00 

12 

.10 

.56 

.16 

32 

.65 

.05 

57 

.80 

.07 

69 

.64 

.00 

39 

.05 

.46 

.21 

28 

.63 

.13 

54 

.73 

.05 

84 

.66 

.08 

38 

.00 

.30 

.36 

80 

.48 

.18 

80 

.55 

.16 

88 

.24 

.35 

88 

-.05 

.09 

.60 

58 

.11 

.54 

28 

.15 

.60 

40 

.17 

.61 

84 

— • lo 

.02 

.79 

62 

.06 

.69 

32 

.28 

.50 

40 

.08 

.63 

72 

-.15 

.03 

.91 

32 

.00 

.75 

8 

• 25 

.33 

12 

.00 

.86 

44 

-.20 

.17 

.03 

6 




.00 

.50 

4 

.25 

.50 

4 

-.25 

-.30 

.00 

1.00 

4 

.00 

.75 

4 

.00 

.75 

4 




-.45 

.00 

1.00 

2 













L. PS L c PE I PK 

A • 

Correoted 
11mens 

S-J L 

.011 -.013 

JOB .034 -.016 .020 .121 .031 

.042 

.063 -.058 

R 

.010 -.012 

.042.023 -.087 .024 .129 .033 

-.027 

**069 -.060 

J-S L 

.015 -.013 

-.011.014 -.111 .019 .100 .023 

-.059 

.048 -.052 

R 

.016 -.016 

.066.014 -.084 .012 .109 .019 

.000 

.055 -.054 

/'I 

.013 -.013 

.048.010 -.067 .010 .115 .014 

-.011 

.059 -.056 

















£ 00. 

* . 

• 

. 



. 

£ 0 . 

* ♦ 




. 



o. 









. 

■ , ’ 



. 



» . 
























: . 








).. oo.Bfl 

S OO.X (X 












■ 









. V . « ' r - 
















ui*« >ro.ixo.- 



•* . ■ . 















- /6f- 
- 20 . 



A I - 24 ® 

( 2 ) 




3 - 

J 




L 


R 


W 

C H 

W 

C 

.20 

1.00 

.00 4 



4 10 

.75 

.06 16 

.92 

.00 

• 10 

.50 

.10 52 

.80 

.00 

.05 

.31 

.34 32 

.58 

.12 

.00 

.10 

.45 44 

.50 

.16 

-.05 

.10 

.62 60 

.34 

.25 

-.10 

.00 

.85 20 

.02 

.71 

-.13 

.00 

.92 12 

.00 

.88 

-.20 



.00 

1.00 








Nr h c 

L * PE 

S-J L 

.018 -.018 

.086 .013 - 

R 

.018 -.021 

.017 .013 - 

J-S L 

.023 -.016 

-.031 .010 - 

R 

,021 -.019 

.037 .011 - 

/lea.* 

.020 -.018 

.027 .006 - 


Adaptation : 4 rain . 

J-8 



L 



R 


W 

C 

H 

W 

C 

M 




1.00 

.00 

4 

1.00 

.00 

7 

.91 

.00 

11 

.96 

.04 

26 

.82 

.00 

49 

.88 

.00 

53 

.61 

.12 

33 

.64 

.00 

42 

.14 

.48 

42 

.48 

.30 

33 

.15 

.53 

53 

.16 

.49 

49 

.12 

.77 

26 

.00 

.73 

11 

.00 

1.00 

7 

.00 

.75 

4 





Corrected 

Llmena 


PR 

1 

P & 

X ' 

K 

l 'o 

014 

.098 

.019 

.037 

• 049 

-.049 

Oil 

.085 

.017 

-.028 

.045 

-.040 

018 

.072 

.021 

-.061 

.030 

-.042 

C12 

.069 

.017 

.005 

.032 

-.037 

,007 

.081 

.009 

-.012 

.039 

-.042 


H 

12 

20 

60 

44 

32 

52 

16 

4 

.012 

.068 

.103 

.032 

.054 





00 . 









.‘ 0 . 

.X 



. 












. 



. 






































. 











• 



. * .* 







ex. 
























0/. 





















si i . 




. 


' 








-/ (of - 

- 21 - 


A I - 28‘> (2) 

a-J 




L 



R 



V 

C 

H 

W 

c 

H 

30 




1.00 

.00 

4 

26 




.88 

.00 

8 

20 

1,00 

.00 

8 




15 

.50 

.00 

4 

.70 

.10 

20 

10 

.00 

.50 

8 

.50 

.00 

12 

,05 

.25 

.33 

12 

.50 

.25 

4 

00 

.06 

.70 

20 

.35 

.30 

20 

05 

.00 

.75 

4 

.00 

.67 

12 

10 

.00 

.92 

12 

.50 

.50 

8 

,15 

.00 

.90 

20 

.00 

.76 

4 

,20 




.00 

1.00 

8 

,25 

.00 

1.00 

8 




,30 

.00 

1.00 

4 





Adaptation: 3 ®in. 

J-8 



L 



R 


W 

C 

H 

W 

C 

H 


1.00 

.00 

3 




.83 

.00 

6 

1.00 

.00 

4 




1.00 

.00 

4 

1.00 

.00 

25 

1.00 

.00 

11 

.86 

,00 

7 

.63 

.06 

16 

.79 

,07 

14 

.50 

.19 

.18 

.19 

.31 

16 

.14 

.43 

7 

.27 

.45 

11 

.08 

.85 

26 

.00 

1.00 

4 




.00 

1.00 

4 

.00 

.57 

7 




.00 

1.00 

3 



Nt h c 

L c 

S-J L 

.019 -.012 

.132 ,025 4.057 

R 

.011 -.011 

.069 .039 -.054 

jr-s l 

.013 -.022 

-.016 .035 -.102 

R 

.022 -.016 

.014 .017 -.069 

ft € »1\ 

.016 -.015 

.050 .015 -.042 


PR I PR 

Xs 

Corrected 

Liaena 

L* L c 

035 .075 .043 

.103 

.029 -£46 

040 .123 .055 

.006 

.063 -.060 

018 ,086 .040 

-.070 

.054 -.032 

026 .083 .030 

-.022 

.036 -.047 

016 .092 .022 

.004 

.046 -.046 














































• 








* <- . 

. 



. 

, 



S u 


. 

1 (.., 











. 











. 









1 . 

. . 








. 















■ . 











< i . 








• 


. 


. 


r.. 






• 


. s. 


• 


. 




. 




















. . 








. 





.• ■ . 

. 

, ... . . 4 . 



-/?£ 

- 22 - 


.75 

.70 

.50 

.40 

.30 

.25 

.20 

.15 

.10 

.05 

.00 

'.05 

-.10 

-.15 

-.20 

-.25 

-.30 

-.40 

-.50 

-.70 

-.75 


A II - 44® 


Adaptation: 5 min. 





8-J 





J-S 



L 


R 



L 


R 


w 

c 

H 

W C 

» 

W 

c 

H 

W C 

H 






1.00 

.00 

2 








1.00 

.00 

2 








1.00 

.00 

4 








.75 

.00 

2 






1.00 .00 

4 

.46 

.13 

12 

„ - 


1.00 

.00 

10 

.75 .00 

4 

.30 

.55 

10 

1.00 .00 

12 

1.00 

.00 

8 



.00 

.75 

4 

.92 .00 

6 

.89 

.00 

19 






.56 .13 

16 

.31 

.17 

24 

.50 .17 

4 




.63 .09 

32 

.50 

.13 

8 

.13 .50 

8 

.08 

.50 

12 

.00 .75 

10 

.61 

.25 

14 

.11 .39 

14 

.69 

.25 

8 

.13 .87 

8 

,25 

.63 

8 

.00 .88 

8 

.00 

.80 

10 

.08 .76 

12 

.00 

.58 

6 

.06 .71 

24 

.00 

.91 

32 






.11 .58 

19 

.00 

.94 

16 






.00 1.00 

8 

.00 

1,00 

6 

,00 1.00 

4 

.00 

.50 

4 

.00 .85 

10 

.00 

1.00 

12 

,10 ,70 

10 

.00 

.50 

4 






.00 .83 

12 









.00 1.00 

2 


>00 1.00 

>00 1,00 


.00 1,00 2 
Corrected 



h c L* PR 

L c PR 

1 PR 

}• v 

3— J 1» 

.007 -.006 .057 .055 

-.167 .087 

,224 ,103 

-.042 .099 -.128 

R 

,CC9 -.007 .177 .053 

-.012 .059 

.189 ,079 

,093 .084 -.105 

*0bs 

.001 -.007 .807 .067 

♦.140 .058 

.667 .681 

.201 .606 -.061 

J-S L * 
Adj 

, .279 

+ .140 

,139 

,201 .078 -.061 

R 

.009 -.008 .078 .040 

-.033 .052 

.111 .066 

,027 ,051 -.060 

tie 

.007 -.007 .148 

-.018 .033 

.166 

.070 .078 -.088 


• »o\)8." * Observed vrlues; "Adj 


Adjusted valueHjeee text 






























































' 



















■' . 
















































00 , 

. 




















. 































































■ J, 



































. 





. 


















-/ 71 

• 23 « 




\ 11 

• 40 * 

i 




Adaptation: 

4 min 

• 






S-J 





J-S 


R 





L 



R 



L 



N 



If 

C 

N 

W 

C 

H 

W 

C 

H 

W 

C 


.50 




1.00 

.00 

4 








.40 




1.00 

.00 

8 








.55 







.75 

.00 

4 





.30 




1.00 

.00 

4 



8 1/2 





25 




.83 

.00 

6 

.65 

.00 




1/2 

20 






.37 

.26 

9 1/2 

1.00 

.00 

4 

.15 

1.00 

• 00 

2 

.92 

.00 

6 

.61 

.09 

23 

.60 

.00 

7 

1/2 

.10 

1.00 

.00 

18 

.75 

.00 

4 

.50 

.00 

8 

.57 

• 03 

18 

1/2 

.05 


.58 

.08 

6 

.43 

• 23 

20 

.67 

.00 

3 


i vv 

.00 

.50 

.00 

4 

.50 

.00 

4 

.14 

.50 

25 

.36 

.44 

25 


.05 

.83 

.00 

6 




.00 

.67 

3 

.15 

. 58 

20 


.10 

.00 

.76 

4 

.17 

.36 

18 

.03 

.95 

18 1/2 

.00 

1.00 

8 


.16 

.25 

.17 

6 

.00 

1.00 

2 

.00 

1.00 

7 l/2 

.04 

.70 

23 

1/2 







.00 

1.00 

4 1/2 

.00 

,84 

9 

.26 

.50 

.33 

6 







,00 

1.00 

8 

1/2 

.30 

.35 

.25 

,50 

4 







« 

0 

0 

1.00 

4 


.40 

.00 

.63 

8 











.50 

.00 

1.00 

4 












Corrected 



Nr h c 

In PE 

h c PE Int . PE 

N L c 

S-J L 

.006 -.003 

-.129 .133 

-.307 .214 .178 .262 

-,196 .067 -.111 

R 

.010 -.013 

.023 .062 

-.150 .031 .173 .070 

-.075 .098 -.075 

J-S L 

.007 -.014 

.161 .054 

+.009 .028 .152 .061 

.063 .098 -.054 

R 

.013 -.012 

.073 .030 

-.048 .028 .121 .041 

.014 .059 -.062 

6 ft a. 

.009 -.010 

..032 .040 

-.124 .055 .156 .068 

-.049 .081 -.075 





















. 







"C, 





























































. 












*'• • 



30,* 




i 



















00. • 


































0. 

. 


' 






BX 00. 




\ 









00. 











bJi. 
















































&K . 2X0.* 


ojk>. ;o.. oxo,- eoo*‘ JJ 



-/7i 

- 24 - 


A II - 36 ® 

3-J 




1 L 



K 


W 

C 

H 

W 

C 

.30 






.25 






.20 

1.00 

.00 

8 

1.00 

.00 

.15 

.75 

.00 

8 

.88 

.00 

.10 

.94 

.00 

36 

.75 

.04 

.05 

.83 

.00 

24 

.75 

.00 

.00 

.85 

.00 

40 

.53 

.03 

-.05 

.25 

.25 

12 

.25 

.21 

-.10 

.18 

.14 

28 

.17 

.31 

-.15 

.00 

.75 

8 

.13 

.50 

-.20 

.00 

.81 

16 

.00 

.75 


-.25 

-.30 



h * 

h e 

Hi ** 


3-J L 

.018 

-.023 

-.040 .018 

m 

K 

.015 

-.015 

.006 .020 

m 

J-S L 

.019 

-.018 

.136 .015 

♦ 

B 

.018 

-.026 

.068 .014 

«* 

/ iei . 

.017 

-.021 

.042 .008 

- 


Adaptation ; 3 min . 

J-8 

L H 

W C N W C H 


1.00 

.00 

4 







3 

.00 

.00 

4 

1/2 

.67 

.00 

3 

.67 

.00 

16 

.31 

.28 

32 

.71 

.04 

45 

1/2 

.23 

.24 

40 

.42 

.15 

32 

.05 

.69 

401/2 

.26 

.21 

49 

V 2 

.03 

.78 

32 V2 

.04 

.66 

40 


.00 

1.00 

41 

.06 

.88 

32 


.00 

.94 

16 1/2 

.00 

1.00 

3 


,00 

1.00 

4 








.00 

1.00 

4 



Corrected 

Limeno 


PB 

I 

PE 

X ' 


L o 

016 

.100 

.024 

-.097 

.057 

-.043 

,021 

.159 

.029 

-.074 

.080 

-.079 

,014 

.112 

.021 

..080 

.055 

-.057 

,009 

.098 

.017 

.010 

.058 

-.040 

,008 

.117 

.012 

-.020 

.062 

-. 065 


H 

15 

8 

28 

12 

40 

24 

36 

8 

8 

c 

.140 

.153 

.023 

.030 

.075 










- /7J- 

-25- 


A IX - 32° Adaptation; 3 min. 





8 -J 






j-a 





L 



R 



L 



R 



W 

C 

H 


C 

H 

W 

c 

H 

W 

C 

N 

30 













25 













20 













15 

1.00 

.00 

4 







.75 

.00 

4 

10 

1. C 0 

.00 

8 1/2 

.83 

.00 

24 

.73 

.00 

28 

.68 

.00 

22 

05 

.96 

.00 

24 

.84 

.00 

32 

.42 

.16 

38 

.42 

.08 

24 

00 

.66 

.10 

58 

.62 

.19 

56 

.36 

.37 

38 

.12 

.36 

38 

05 

.06 

.38 

32 

.13 

.42 

24 

.00 

.71 

24 

.09 

.46 

38 

10 

.25 

.38 

24 

,0C 

.70 

10 

.00 

.96 

22 

.03 

.84 

28 

,15 




.00 

1100 

4 

.00 

1.00 

4 




,20 













,25 













,30 














C.O rr <-<) 


u\y* -t-ni — 



h w h c 

Si M L c 

PE I 

PE 

X' ' 

Si S> 

S-J L 

.027 -.018 

-.026 .009 -.110 

.014 .084 

.016 

-.059 

.033 -.051 

R 

.023 -.025 

-.009 .011 -.064 

.011 .056 

.015 

-.038 

.029 -.026 

J-S L 

,016 -.030 

.050 .016 -.015 

.009 .065 

.018 

.008 

.042 -.023 

R 

,022 -.024 

.072 .014 -.040 

.010 .112 

.018 

.013 

.059 -.053 

/1e»" 

.022 -.024 

.022 ,006 -.057 

.006 .079 

,.008 

-.019 

.041 -.038 








- / 7 ^ - 

- 26 - 


A II - 28 ° 
S-J 




L 



R 


¥ 

c 

H 

W 

C 

.30 






.25 




.88 

.00 

.20 




.83 

.00 

.15 






.10 




1.00 

.00 

.05 

.69 

.10 

44 

.65 

.09 

.00 

.39 

.30 

48 

.52 

.27 

-*05 

.22 

.47 

34 

.06 

.52 

-.10 

.00 

.83 

6 



-.15 






-.20 

.00 

.92 

12 



-.25 

.00 

1,00 

8 




-.30 


Adaptation: 3 min. 
J-S 




L 


R 


K 

W 

C 

H 

¥ C 

N 

8 






12 

1.00 

.00 

e 




1.00 

.00 

9 



6 




1.00 .00 

12 

34 

.60 

.00 

26 

.69 .02 

48 

48 

.41 

.19 

48 

.29 .28 

48 

43 12 .15 

.59 

48 

.13 .58 

26 


.00 

.92 

12 

.00 .92 

12 





.00 .88 

8 


hyg he I® L e 

S-J L .023 -.020 .013 .010 -.054 
R .013 -.024 .030 .020 -.046 
J-S L .023 -.040 .024 .010 -.039 


Corrected 

Likens 


m 

I 

PE 

X.' 


Lo 

013 

.069 

.017 

-.017 

.032 

-.037 

G09 

.076 

.022 

-.019 

.049 

-.027 

006 

.063 

.012 

-.016 

.040 

-.023 

012 

.076 

,014 

-* G07 

.032 

-.044 

.005 

.071 

.008 

-,015 

.038 

-.033 


R .031 -.023 .025 ,007 -.061 
.023 -.027 .023 .006 -.048 



. 


i. 


. 

. 










. 












-/7S- 

- 27 - 


B I Adaptation: (28®: 3 min. 

(24°: 4 min. 





28 c 

U ) 





24 ° 

( l ) 





L 


R 



L 



R 




C 

N 

w 

C 

H 

V 

C 

N 

w 

c 

H 

56 







1.00 

.00 

8 




50 

.86 

.00 

28 

1.00 

.00 

4 

' 1.00 

.00 

16 

.86 

.00 

8 

25 

1.00 

.00 

12 

.94 

.00 

16 

.92 

.00 

24 

.75 

.00 

4 

20 

.86 

.00 

48 

.75 

.00 

4 

.94 

.00 

32 

.81 

.00 

16 

X5 

.85 

.00 

40 

.88 

.00 

8 




.71 

.00 

24 

10 

.64 

.00 

28 

.35 

.05 

20 

.70 

.00 

20 

.50 

.08 

60 

06 

.55 

.05 

44 

.54 

.00 

24 

1.00 

.00 

8 

.31 

.13 

16 

00 

.33 

.13 

24 

.33 

.08 

24 

.25 

.13 

8 

.00 

.50 

8 

05 

.13 

.33 

24 

.07 

.45 

44 

.38 

.19 

16 

.00 

• 88 

8 

10 

.10 

.35 

20 

.07 

.61 

28 

.20 

.36 

64 

.13 

.33 

15 

15 

,00 

.38 

8 

.00 

.76 

40 

.21 

.32 

28 



28 

20 

.00 

.75 

4 

.04 

.60 

48 

.00 

.81 

16 

.00 

.71 

26 

.00 

.88 

16 

.00 

1.00 

12 

.00 

.50 

4 

.00 

1.00 

24 

30 

.00 

1.00 

4 

.00 

.86 

28 

.00 

1.00 

e 

.00 

.88 

16 

,35 









.00 

1.00 

8 


28 * L 

R 

/At o-^v 

24 ® L 

R 



x« 

PJS 

l c ra i m X 

Corrected 

Limans 
L. L e 

010 -.015 

.049 

.026 

-.127 .023 .176 .034 -.055 

.104 

-.072 

013 -.011 

.083 

..025 

-.190 .022 .273 .033 -.045 

.128 

-.145 


.066 

.018 

-.159 .016 .226 .024 -.050 

.116 

-.109 

012 -.013 

.014 

.025 

-.164 .024 .178 .035 -.079 

.093 

-.086 

012 -.011 

.094 

.027 

-.106 .031 .200 .041 -.004 

.098 

-.102 


.054 

.018 

-.135 .020 .189 .027 -.041 

.095 

-.094 


[A £ (*k\ 









■ . 







1 






c. 





- . , 









. 

oe. 





IZk 


. 




j-i. 























iv. 







1 





























DO. 






■ . 



. 

. 








.v. 



. . 






. 














S. 










OG. 





. 






















* .. 

• ’ c. 

:e . 





all. 

■; . . 



ti?0. 

01.- 

mo. 

Hj ). 


&9Q, 

. 


... 

., . . . ' . 

. . . 

. 

. 

• 0. € V. . 






. 



. 






■ , 


: >.i.- 











-/7£- 

- 28 - 

B I Adaptation: (20°: 4 ain. 

( X6 1 : 5 min . 

20° (X) 




L 



R 



L 



R 



W 

C 

N 

yg 

C 

N 

W 

C 

K 

W 

C 

H 

.35 

1.00 

.00 

4 




1.00 

.00 

2 




.30 

1.00 

.00 

8 










.25 







.88 

.00 

0 

1.00 

.00 

2 

.20 

.96 

.00 

24 

.50 

.00 

4 

.83 

.00 

6 




.15 

.92 

.00 

12 

• 65 

.05 

44 

.53 

.10 

30 

.75 

.00 

2 

.10 

.71 

.08 

24 

.42 

.08 

48 

.26 

.30 

a 

.50 

• 13 

16 

.05 

.57 

.13 

30 

.38 

.19 

68 

.53 

.00 

15 

‘ .69 

.00 

16 

.00 

.33 

.28 

36 

.17 

.50 

36 

.00 

.43 

7 

.71 

.00 

7 

-.05 

,18 

.35 

60 

.00 

.69 

36 

.13 

.67 

15 

.44 

.19 

16 

-.10 

.05 

.57 

44 

.00 

.79 

28 

.07 

.47 

15 

.38 

.00 

8 

-.15 

.05 

.75 

44 

.00 

.92 

12 

.00 

1.00 

2 

.13 

.60 

30 

-.20 

.25 

.50 

4 

.13 

.50 

24 




. 33 

.50 

6 

-.26 







.00 

1.00 

2 

,00 

.63 

8 

-.30 




.12 

.88 

8 







-.35 




.00 

.76 

4 




.00 

o 

© 

r-i 

2 


h w h c 

20 * L .017 -.014 
R .008 -.011 

M 

16 ° L .011 -.009 
R .008 -.009 

Al-e, v'v 


1% » L c 

038 .016 -.086 
098 .031 -.063 
068 .017 -.074 
,113 .034 -.045 
,010 .055 -.146 
,062 .032 -.095 


PE I PE 

018 .123 .024 
026 .161 .040 
016 .142 .024 
043 .158 .055 
,043 .156 .070 
,030 .157 .044 


Corrected 

llme na 

A ' Eg 

.019 .057 -.066 
.008 .090 -.071 
.005 .073 -.069 
.042 .071 -.987 
.072 .082 -.074 
.015 .077 -.080 







. . 























































10 , 

















































- 177 - 












- 29 - 












B 

Z 

Adaptation: 

4 min . 






to 

o 

o 

( 2 ) 





24 

.• (£) 





I# 



R 



L 


R 




If 

C 

N 

W 

C 

N 

W 

C 

H 

w c 

H 

20 







.75 

.00 

4 




15 

.91 

.00 

11 

.90 

.00 

20 

.67 

.07 

15 

.90 

.00 

29 

10 

.46 

.18 

89 

.69 

.00 

59 

.73 

.05 

22 

.93 

.00 

14 

65 

.29 

.34 

108 

.69 

.05 

110 

.36 

.32 

22 

.56 

.00 

18 

00 

.31 

.33 

85 

.51 

.19 

85 

.26 

.29 

34 

.46 

.11 

37 

05 

.21 

.53 

113 

.44 

.17 

107 

.22 

.28 

18 

.36 

.36 

22 

10 

.15 

.39 

59 

.29 

.38 

89 

.14 

.43 

14 

.23 

.42 

26 

15 

.05 

.55 

20 

.09 

.73 

11 

.03 

.76 

29 

.07 

.73 

15 

20 










.00 

.75 

4 


h w h c 

80 ® L .009 -.007 
B .011 -.015 

24 ° L .013 -.012 
R .016 -. C 16 


L* PE L 0 
182 .019 -.094 
014 .015 -.136 
054 .012 -.115 
072 .026 -.080 
002 .020 -.110 
,037 .018 -.095 


PE I PE 
026 .216 .032 
011 .122 .019 
014 .169 .019 
C 26 .152 .037 
020 .112 .028 
,016 .132 .023 


Corrected 
_ Llmc na 

A ' *^D 

.029 .093 -.123 
.084 .070 -.052 
.028 .082 -.087 
.000 .072 -.080 
056 .058 -.054 
028 .065 -.067 


/I £ <v *v 






. 






















































































































. 



. 

















.•» 




















- f 7 2 ' 

-30- 


* ■■ s::: 






0 

o 







36° 





L 




R 



L 



R 



W 

C 

N 


w 

C 

N 

W 

C 

N 

V/ 

C 

N 

• 25 





.75 

.00 

4 






8 

.20 

.75 

.00 

0 


.50 

.00 

4 

.50 

.50 

4 

.88 

.00 

.15 

.94 

.00 

16 


.40 

.28 

46 

.88 

.00 

16 

.60 

.15 

36 

.10 

.58 

.05 

32 


.38 

.28 

56 1/2 

.81 

.03 

32 

.39 

.20 

48 

.05 

.54 

.04 

49 

lA 

.14 

.43 

60 

.79 

.04 

24 

.16 

.55 

44 

.00 

.51 

.13 

54 

.13 

.60 

54 

.39 

.15 

70 

.28 

.26 

70 

-.05 

.50 

.11 

60 


.07 

.69 

49 1/2 

.52 

• 23 

44 

.04 

.58 

24 

-.10 

.35 

.36 

56 

V '2 

.00 

.84 

32 

.17 

.42 

46 

.00 

.78 

32 

-.15 

.28 

.45 

46 

.00 

1.00 

16 

.08 

.60 

36 

.00 

.94 

16 

-.20 

.00 

.75 

4 


.00 

1.00 

8 

.00 

.75 

8 

.00 

1.00 

4 

-.25 

.00 

1.00 

4 













h C 

L* PE L c PE I VE A • 

Corrected 

Limma 

% L c 

40 c L 

.007 -.013 

-.006 .035 -.164 .017 .168 .039 -.112 

.106 -.052 

R 

.012 -.012 

.176 .021 *.033 .018 .143 .028 .106 

.071 -.072 



.085 .020 -.065 .012 .150 .024 -.003 

.088 -.062 

36® L 

*013 -.011 

..004 .019 -.138 .023 .142 .030 -.062 

.066 -.076 

R 

.012 -.012 

.125 .018 -.016 .020 .141 .027 .056 

.069 -.072 



.065 .013 -.077 .015 .142 .020 -.003 

.068 -.074 




°cUV 













. 


. 

• 







. 


. 



, 


. 

. 

• J *. 




. 


i* .•. 


. 

. 


■ • 


* 




. 


* •) - 






3 0 £ 






J 





0 










-J. 





. 
























. 












00.1 









, 






. 















. 

. 

•• , 

. 


. 


• 

.. 

. - 


. 

. 

. 

* 

\ o . 

• 


y . 


.'V . ■ 

. 


. 

. 

. 

. 

• 

ii 0. 


WW,- 


O.i,- 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

0 



> . 

.’<■ I. 

. 


. . 


















- / 7f- 

-31- 

B II Adaptation: 3 min. 





32® 






28® 








R 



L 



R 



W 

C 

H 

W 

C 

N 

W 

C 

N 

W 

C 

H 

23 

.88 

.00 

8 




.83 

.00 

6 




20 

.95 

.00 

20 




1.00 

.00 

2 

.50 

.30 

5 

15 

.70 

.03 

20 

.82 

.00 

28 

.27 

.35 

13 

.68 

.00 

4 

10 

.67 

.05 

33 

.64 

.10 

52 

.50 

.15 

13 

.90 

.00 

24 

03 

.68 

.07 

28 

.43 

.18 

84 

.37 

.31 

34 

.48 

.18 

93 

00 

.38 

.29 

56 

.26 

.18 

68 

.31 

.24 

136 

.48 

.14 

134 

05 

.14 

.45 

83 

.00 

.62 

30 1/2 

.26 

.39 

93 

.41 

.33 

35 

10 

.04 

.70 

49 

.00 

.74 

33 

.02 

.73 

24 

.58 

.35 

13 

,16 

.07 

.44 

27 

.00 

.73 

20 

.13 

.75 

4 

.38 

• 35 

13 

20 




.00 

.90 

20 

.10 

.70 

5 

.25 

.75 

2 

,25 




.00 

1.00 

8 




.00 

.67 

6 


Corrected 


A l cma 


hw 

ho 

x* 

PS 

L o 

PR 

X 

PE 

X/ 

** 

L C 

016 

-.014 

.050 

.016 

-.080 

.016 

.130 

.022 - 

-.011 

.061 

-.069 

018 

-.016 

.065 

.011 

-.055 

.014 

.120 

.018 

.009 

.056 

-.064 



.058 

.010 

-.067 

.011 

.125 

.014 

-.001 

.059 

-.066 

,007 

-.008 

.130 

.033 

-.106 

.030 

.236 

.044 

.006 

.124 

-.112 

,004 

-.006 

.012 

.057 

-.241 

.043 

.253 

.071 

-.137 

.149 

-.104 



.071 

.033 

-.173 

.026 

.244 

.042 

-.065 

.136 

-.108 





















Ofc, 



. 






. 


>.. 



. 













. 












. 




































00. 











••. 










* 


' r . 





’ 0 . 





. . 







* 






»' . 












At. 





















X 



. 


v> I „ 

. 






















1 . • 


¥ » . 



. 



. 







. 






3W* 





' 

. 






-/ £<3 - 

-32- 

C I Adaptation: 3 min. 





32 ° 






28° 





L 



H 



L 



R 




C 

N 

W 

c 

H 

W 

G 

N 


C 

H 

• 35 










.75 

.00 

4 

.30 




1.00 

.00 

4 

.41 

.26 

32 

.48 

.08 

26 

.25 




1.00 

.00 

12 

.33 

.25 

12 

.38 

.13 

8 

.20 

1.00 

.00 

4 

.88 

.00 

8 

.35 

.35 

20 

.50 

.13 

24 

.15 

.58 

.00 

12 

.54 

.00 

24 

.21 

.50 

48 


.08 

12 

.10 

.81 

.00 

16 

.35 

.00 

20 

.25 

.42 

12 

.50 

.05 

.00 

.25 

4 

.11 

.11 

28 

.30 

.20 

20 

.00 

.25 

4 

.00 

.17 

.08 

12 

.08 

.17 

12 

.23 

.43 

40 

.33 

.33 

40 

-.05 

.18 

.11 

28 

.00 

.25 

4 

.25 

.60 

4 

.40 

.35 

2C 

-.10 

.05 

.25 

20 

.00 

.38 

16 

.08 

.67 

12 

.50 

.33 

12 

-.15 

.08 

.29 

24 

.00 

.67 

12 




.44 

.19 

48 

- .20 

..00 

.63 

8 

.00 

1.00 

4 

.08 

.71 

24 

.35 

.30 

20 

-.25 

.00 

.83 

12 




.25 

.38 

8 

.25 

.25 

12 

-.30 

.00 

1.00 

4 




.00 

.71 

26 

.13 

.28 

32 

-.35 







.00 

.50 

4 







L* PS L c m I VIS . Xi 

Corrected 

—ilmen. 

^ L c 

32® L 

.013 -.013 

.072 .027 -.185 .028 .257 .039 -.058 

.130 -.127 

R 

.032 -.014 

.136 .015 -.118 .030 .253 .034 .039 

.096 -.157 

r\t *w 


.104 .015 -.151 .021 .255 .026 -.009 

.113 -.142 

28o z 

.003 -.003 

.509 .116 -.036 .113 .545 .162 ..230 

.279 -.266 

R 

.002 -.002 

.230 .161 -.750 .173 .980 .236 -.241 

.471 -.509 

/*! t y k 


.369 .099 -.393 .103 .762 .143 -.006 

.375 -.387 































* 










. 








































. 







































. : 














. . 








' . 












, • , 





































;• . 







. 




' 

T*. {.- avs. *oo'.- t>n. .•< 



• 


< <u. i« . ' i 




ft. i. :r. 










-33* 

C II Adaptation: 3 rain. 


48® 




L 


" 

R 




W 

C 

2? 

W 

C 

H 


.30 




.75 

.00 

8 


.25 

.88 

.00 

8 

1.00 

.00 

4 


.20 

.80 

.00 

15 

.44 

• 03 

18 


.15 

.67 

.07 

15 

.26 

.26 

21 


.10 

.66 

.10 

43 

.24 

.32 

45 


.05 

.65 

.12 

34 

.12 

.54 

34 


.00 

.57 

.15 

37 

.24 

.45 

37 


• .05 

.41 

.25 

34 

.09 

.63 

34 


-.10 

.39 

.17 

45 

.05 

.72 

43 


-.15 

.36 

.17 

21 

.07 

.87 

15 


-.20 

.19 

.58 

18 

.07 

,80 

15 


-.25 

.00 

.50 

4 

.00 

.88 

8 


-.30 

.00 

.88 

8 








h c 

L* VB L 0 FK 

I *2S 

A • 

Corrected 

imens 

Lw hi 

48o £ 

.007 

-.007 

-.021 .042 -.246 .041 

.225 .059 

-.138 

.117 -.108 

R 

.007 

-.009 

.259 .041 -.007 .030 

.266 .051 

.110 

.149 -.117 




.119 .029 -.127 .025 

.246 .039 

-.014 

-i» 133 -.113 



















34- 






c 

II 




36* 






L 



R 



W 

C 

K 


C 

XT 

.65 



. 

.50 

.00 

2 

.50 




.50 

.00 

2 

.40 




.25 

.00 

2 

.35 




.03 

.25 

4 

.30 

.50 

.00 

4 

.13 

.13 

4 

.25 

.75 

.00 

2 

.25 

.25 

4 

.20 




.44 

.50 

8 

.15 

.40 

.20 

10 

.36 

.26 

22 

.10 

.54 

.08 

12 

.00 

.94 

8 

.05 

.73 

.00 

60 

.08 

.53 

30 

.00 

.50 

.07 

36 

.21 

.46 

36 

-.05 

.47 

.08 

32 

.05 

.70 

60 

-.10 

.56 

.00 

8 

.08 

.54 

12 

-.15 

.32 

.25 

22 

,00 

.50 

10 

-.20 

.44 

.18 

8 




-.25 

.50 

.00 

4 

.00 

1.00 

2 

-.30 

.63 

.13 

4 

.00 

.88 

4 

-.35 

.38 

.25 

4 




-.40 

.00 

.75 

2 




-.50 

.00 

.60 

2 




-.65 

.00 

.50 

2 






h* h c 

l* m l c 

36° L 

.002 -.003 

-.098 .164 -.634 

B 

.005 -.005 

.401 .087 .052 



.152 .093 -.291 

32* L 

.015 -.019 

.111 .018 -.005 

R 

.015 -.007 

-.007 .017 -.160 

e Jn 


.052 .012 -.083 


Adaptation: 3 min. 

3 *® 

X* R 

W C K w C V 


83 

.00 

9 






81 

.00 

16 






87 

.00 

15 


1.00 

.00 

5 

1/2 

37 

.15 

20 

V 2 

.83 

.00 

17 

1/2 

22 

.33 

68 

.82 

.04 

25 

1/2 

27 

.30 

49 


.39 

.33 

49 


04 

.82 

25 

1/2 

.39 

.29 

68 


00 

.89 

17 

i/a 

.24 

.32 

20 

1/2 

00 

1.00 

5 

1/2 

.00 

.97 

15 






.06 

,75 

16 






.00 

1.00 

9 



Corrected 

Limena 


RE X PE 

K' 


Le 

143 .536 .218 

-.414 

.316 

-.220 

077 .349 .116 

.233 

.168 

-.181 

081 .443 .123 

-.090 

.242 

-.201 

012 .116 .022 

.046 

.065 

-.051 

037 .153 .041 

-.055 

.048 

-.105 

019 .135 .023 

-.005 

.057 

-.078 



















, 












' 






















































* 00 . 





















• 



c . 

; . 




, . 


rrx $>o. 

;a oo. 

. 




si 






0 . 

































oas.- siw. h*.- m. »«*. e»x. w».- tw. wo.- coo.- soo. x 4tai 

. 


- ) ? 3 ~ 

- 35 - 


Adaptation : 3 min 


T > I 

Left Hand only 




L 



R 



W 

C 

N 

¥ 

C H 

.50 







.35 







.30 




1.00 

.00 

4 

.25 

1.00 

.00 

12 

1.00 

.00 

8 

.20 

1.00 

.00 

12 




.15 

1.00 

.00 

12 

1.00 

.00 

12 

.10 

1 . o 

.00 

16 

1.00 

.00 

12 

.05 

.83 

.00 

12 

.67 

.08 

12 

.00 

.75 

100 

12 

,75 

.00 

12 

-.05 

.58 

.00 

12 

.42 

.00 

12 

-.10 

.50 

.08 

12 

.13 

.06 

16 

-.15 

.08 

.17 

12 

.00 

.50 

12 

-.20 




.00 

.67 

12 

-.25 

.00 

.38 

8 

.00 

.75 

12 

-.30 

.00 

1.00 

4 





- • 35 
-.50 


- 32 ° 


Right Hand only 
L R 


¥ 

c 

H 

W 

C 

H 




1.00 

.00 

2 




1.00 

.00 

2 




1.00 

.00 

4 

1.00 

.00 

14 

1.00 

.00 

10 

.95 

.05 

10 




1.00 

.00 

12 

1.00 

.00 

14 

.94 

.00 

16 

1.00 

.00 

4 

1.00 

.00 

8 

.83 

.00 

12 

.61 

.00 

14 

.29 

.18 

14 

.42 

.08 

12 

.38 

.00 

8 

• 25 

.25 

4 

.31 

.25 

16 

.04 

.46 

14 

.00 

.58 

JL2 




.10 

.30 

10 

.00 

.40 

10 

.00 

.64 

14 

.00 

1.00 

4 




.00 

.25 

2 




.00 

1.00 

2 





h* h c L* PK 
Left L .017 -.013 -.066 .625 

Hand R .019 -.014 -.019 .022 

- .043 .017 

Right L .018 -.003 -.022 .025 

Hand R .012 -.002 -.004 .036 

AU ** -.013 .022 


Corrected 

Limans 


L c PE I PR X < 

*r 

** 

289 .036 .223 .044 -.161 

.095 

-.128 

168 .031 .149 .038 -.082 

.063 

-.086 

229 .024 .186 .029 -.122 

.079 

-.107 

454 .168 .432 .170 -.085 

.063 

-.369 

359 .223 .355 .226 -.052 

.048 

-.307 

,407 .140 .394 .141 -.069 

.056 

-.338 



' 




... 






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■ . 

































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- to 




' 



-/?¥•- 

-36- 

Motes to following Tables of Data. 

All the data in the four tables following were secured 
by some form of tne method*of limits: 

Method A: is analogous to Constant Method A; both hands ex¬ 
posed, first to standard, then to variable; adapta¬ 
tion-jar of sane temperature as standard in each 
case. 

Method C: is analogous to Constant Method C; simultaneous ex¬ 
posure of one hand to standard and of the other to 
variable; adaptation to 32° in all case 3 . 

Method K: both hands exposed first to standard, then to varia¬ 
ble; adaptation to 32® in all cases; differs from 
method A, above, only in adaptation temperature. 

«ith O’s Gei 3 sler and Ifulvey, the adaptation-tempera lure 
is given in parenthesis after the temperature of the standard. 

*W» signifies the siee of the (uncorrected) warm limen, 
*C # , of the cold limen, and VI* the internal between them (W-C). 

»L*, at the beginning of a row, means that the variable 
(to which the judgment applies) was on the left of the standard; 
•B*, that it was on the right of the standard. 

The symbol * i * means a descending series, the reverse 
symbol *f 1 an ascending aeries. 

♦If* given the mean of each pair of values directly 





-/S\r- 

-37- 


above (L and R, Down and Up), their meane being the same. 

Tith each mean is given the number of eaeeo on which it is 
based; e.g. N * 32, In general the number of cases is equally 
divided between L and R; a few times one exceeds the other 
by several cases. 



-/ 

-38- 

Observer: Geiasler 


Limits: Method A 


32® (320) 

36° (36°) 

40o (4oo) 

44® (44°) 

W I C 

W I C 

W 1 C 

W I c 

L .044 .153 -.109 

.152 .193 -.041 

.119 .227 -.108 

.057 .287 -.230 

R .042 .149 -.107 

.134 .180 -.046 

.176 .241 -.065 

.159 .248 -.089 

.028 .149 -.121 

.090 .164 -.074 

.045 .207 -.162 

-.014 .243 -.257 

.059 .152 -.094 

.196 .809 -.013 

.251 .261 -.010 

.230 .292 -.062 

N* 48 

M2 

MS 

11*32 

11 .043 .151 -.108 

.143 .186 -.043 

.148 •234 -.086 

•1G8 .267 -.159 


Limits: Me 

thod E 

'• 

36° ( 3 ?.o) 

40® (3ao) 

44o ( 320 ) 

48° (32®) 

L .101 .290 -.189 

.328 .347 -.019 

-.555 .326 -.861 

-1.722 .464 -2.186 

R .031 .285 -.254 

.225 .360 -.135 

-.5>1 .393 -.914 

-1.442 .456 -1.898 

.080 .290 -.210 

.198 .319 -.121 

-.612 .311 -.923 

-1.632 .479 -2.111 

.052 .288 -.233 

.355 .388 -.033 

-.464 .408 -.872 

-1.532 .442 -1.974 

M2 

K*16 

M2 

M2 

M .066 .287 -.221 

1.276 .353 -.077 

-.538 .360 -.898 

-1.582 .460 -2.042 


M .066 





























. 

X • - • 







. 

. 


.. . -.0.1. 

1 ■ J," ■ 










- , . . < . .. . : . . i . . •. - " • 0 »• 

. . ■ . . . • M 

i - ' 

0,%. ... ». . . .. 





-/ ?7 - 

-39- 

Observer: Mulvey 

Limits: Kcthod A 


32® (32o) 

36® (36®) 

40® (40®) 

44 ,J (44°) 

W I C 

W I c 

W I C 

W I C 

L .058 .085 -.027 

.162 .125 +.037 

.184 .145 .039 

.146 .174 -.028 

K .064 .084 -.020 

.205 ,146 .059 

.226 .135 .091 

.236 .216 .047 

.020 .094 -.074 

.142 .123 .019 

.152 .139 .013 

,105 .199 -.094 

.102 .074 ».028 

.225 .148 .077 

.258 .141 .117 

.304 .191 .113 

K«32 

H«32 

H«32 

K*29 

U .061 .084 -.023 

.183 .136 .048 

.205 .140 .065 

.204 .195 .009 


Limits: Ife 

thod IS 


36® (32®) 

40® (32®) 

44® (32®) 

48® (32®) 

L .181 .161 .020 

-.101 .163 -.264 

-.407 .171 -.578 

-.494 .484 -.978 

E .250 .190 .068 

.126 .206 -.080 

-.294 .198 -.492 

-.374 .460 -.834 

.198 .144 .054 

-.016 .160 -.175 

-.424 .162 -.586 

-.521 .442 -.963 

.242 .208 .034 

I .040 .209 -.169 

-.278 .206 -.484 

-.347 .602 -.849 

N*28 

!T«24 

H*32 

H* 22 

2f .220 .176 .044 

,013 .185 -.172 

-.351 .184 -.535 

I -.434 .472 -.906 


If .220 .176 







Limits: Method C 


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